Papers by Anna Drzewicz
Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2017
The article presents a unique bronze ring from a pectoral attributed to the Pomeranian Culture (a... more The article presents a unique bronze ring from a pectoral attributed to the Pomeranian Culture (an Early Iron Age culture, which covered most of today’s Poland). The ring is ornamented on both sides, presumably dated to Hallstatt D.
Pectorals (necklaces of multiple bronze rings) are one of the most distinctive forms of personal ornaments in the Pomeranian Culture. They consists of 7–17 rings of different size, fastened with a clasp. As a rule decoration was only on the upper face of the ring; only in a handful of specimens it appears on the lower face and they are presumably the effect of repairs of damaged pectorals (MORE ILLUSTRATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN THE FILE UPLODED IN THE "CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS"; SECTION; SEE BELOW).
The ring from Wola Pasikońska does not diverge of its shape and ornamentation of its outer face from other specimens of its class of the Pomeranian Culture. But the decoration of the lower face of the ring appear to have more in common with ornamentation seen on bronze artifacts attributed to the Lusatian Culture. The most likely interpretation is that this ring was created by recycling ‘Lusatian’ necklace. Its undecorated face was covered with an ornament to match the decoration of the pectoral being repaired. The terminals were trimmed and shaped differently to make them fit into the clasp.
The chemical analysis of the ring reveals that it was made of a tin bronze and probably had a tin coating, giving it a silvery hue!
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new file; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2005
The antler inventory recovered at the fortified settlement of Lusatian culture people at Biskupin... more The antler inventory recovered at the fortified settlement of Lusatian culture people at Biskupin (site 4) is one of the richest assemblages of worked antler recorded in Poland (416 finished pieces and some 220 fragments of raw antlers). This impressive group includes no less than 22 antler hammers, their fragments and roughouts. From the surviving finished specimens and roughouts it has been possible to reconstruct the sequence of production of antler hammers.
The text of thie article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previouse one was damaged as some readers reported me).
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Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 2003
In 1993 the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw obtained a hammer (probably of Lusatian Culture... more In 1993 the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw obtained a hammer (probably of Lusatian Culture) made of deer antler, found about 1983 in Warsaw’s quater Bielany during dredging of the Vistula River. The article presents the hammer and discusses the way of its production (text in Polish, summary in English).
New pdf because the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me.
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V Sprawozdania biskupińskie /// Vth Biskupin’s Report, 2017
"ARCHIVAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATIO AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE RESEARCH ON STRUCTURES OF BUIL... more "ARCHIVAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATIO AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE RESEARCH ON STRUCTURES OF BUILDINGS OF THE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT FROM THE EARLY IRON AGE ON SITE $ IN BISKUPIN"
The settlement of the Lusatian Culture in Biskupin is one of the most well-known archaeological sites in Poland. Excavations at the site, started in 1934 and ended on a vast scale in 1974, brought into light well preserved wooden remains of the fortified settlement dated to the VIII century BC. The remains of constructions were documented in detail by drawings and photographs from the very beginning of the excavations.
The photographs show parts of a building from a short distance, as well as extetensive architectural structures such as ramparts, breakwaters, rows of houses, communication routs. A separate group comprises photographs of plans of wooden structures.
The article discusses the significance of the above mentioned archival photographic documentation in the research on structures of buildings of the Biskupin settlement.
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IV Sprawozdanie biskupińskie / IVth Biskupin's Report, 2015
The article describes material obtained during excavations at Biskupin (fortified settlement of L... more The article describes material obtained during excavations at Biskupin (fortified settlement of Lusatian culture, Early Iron Age), carried out in 1952 and 1972. The excavations revealed the remains of wooden structures from two phases of the settlement’s existence, as well as a large amount of artifacts, mainly pottery. The wooden features comprised fragments of fortifications (ramparts and breakwater, ring-road, parts of wall of a house and remains of an unidentified pole structure).
The wooden structures found on ares 125, 138 and 139 do not exhibit any significant differences when compared with features discovered during earlier excavations of the Biskupin settlement. As in other parts of the fortified settlement, the defence rampart was built of rows of interlocked wooden boxes resting, in phase I (older) on a foundation of tightly laid oak poles, and in phase II (younger) of birch branches and saplings. Inside the settlement, a ring-road ran parallel to the ramparts. It was built of logs resting on a layer of beams and fascine. Outside the ramparts, there was a breakwater made up of large oak stakes sloping at an angle of 45° towards the settlement.
An analysis of the defence structures from the two building phases (in the excavated areas) showed that the later one was moved back into the peninsula by about 2.5–3 m. On the γ quarter of are 125 and α quarter of are 139 the later rampart was probably imposed on the eastern edge of the heap of heavily burnt older fortifications. In the northern part of the area, where the younger ramparts turn slightly towards the north-east, they were probably situated wholely in the break between the rampart of phase I and the ring-road from the same time. Because the younger ring-road in this part of the site was moved in relation to the older by about 3 m east, as was the rampart, the two roads run almost parallel.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2011
The grave from Sinołęka contained a cinerary urn filled with cremated bones and a bowl placed ove... more The grave from Sinołęka contained a cinerary urn filled with cremated bones and a bowl placed over them in an upright position. The whole was covered with a large inverted clay vessel (cloche). The grave, unearthed and partly destroyed during illigal gravel extraction, lay on the site of a cemetery of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture, discovered in 1929.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
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Archaeologia Polona, 2008
This paper presents the results of physico-chemical reserches of the Early Iron Age pottery from ... more This paper presents the results of physico-chemical reserches of the Early Iron Age pottery from Sochaczew-Trojanów, site 1, Masovian Province. At Sochaczew-Trojanów were discovered: the remains of a Lusatian Culture settlement, a cemetery of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture and three graves of Przeworsk Culture (not covered by this analysis). The aim of the laboratory analysis of pottery were: determining the main technological features of ceramics of Lusatian, Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures; detecting similarities and differences of the three technologies of pottery-making.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2007
The urnfield in Biernatki is one of the more outstanding funerary sites of Lusatian Culture peopl... more The urnfield in Biernatki is one of the more outstanding funerary sites of Lusatian Culture people in Wielkopolska (Great Poland). In use starting from Late Bronze Age to Hallstatt D. The collection from Biernatki includes, among others, four painted vessels. Painted Lusatian Culture pottery is known in Poland mainly from Hallstatt C and – possibly – early Hallstatt D. Its main centre of production was in Środkowy Śląsk (Middle Silesia) with a smaller centre in Wielkopolska (Great Poland), to the north. Painted vessels were presumably produced in specialist pottery workshops.
Technology of production of the vessels from Biernatki was studied by making an analysis of physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these finds (microscope analysis of the fabric, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical analysis, derivative-grafic analysis, firing temperature etc.).
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2005
The cremation cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko is one of the most richly furnished grave-fields of th... more The cremation cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko is one of the most richly furnished grave-fields of the Lusatian Culture people in Wielkopolska (Great Poland), in use starting from BA IV until the Early PreRoman Period. The site, discovered during the second half of the 19th century, is known almost entirely from amateur investigations. The collection of Aleksander Guttmann consists of 12 pottery vessels and a number of bronzes.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was of poor quality).
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2006
The paper presents a bronze neckring with a hook-like fastening - a case of some prehistoric rep... more The paper presents a bronze neckring with a hook-like fastening - a case of some prehistoric repaire. A crack in its side was fixed in prehistoric times by coating with metal. In Polish archaeological literature this kind of neckrings is considered typical for the Nordic environment and is dated to the close of the Bronze Age and onset of Hallstatt C (new pdf; the previous one was of poor quality).
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2005
The set of bronze ornaments from Kruchowo (Great Poland) consists of six pieces: neckring, bracel... more The set of bronze ornaments from Kruchowo (Great Poland) consists of six pieces: neckring, bracelet and four armlets/anklets. Originally the group included two further pieces, at present lost: a spiral bracelet and another armlet/anklet. The set is dated from BA V and HaC. The ornaments of interest were made of tin bronze (Cu 86,64-97,92%; Sn 0,52-10,81%). Results of chemical analysis of bronze ornaments are shown in Table 1. The ornaments presumably were discovered around 1850 but nothing more is known about their find-spot or closer time of discovery.
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2003
The article presents two knobbed shaft-hole axes type Nortycken from Czubin (Central Poland) and ... more The article presents two knobbed shaft-hole axes type Nortycken from Czubin (Central Poland) and chemical analysis of the alloy use in casting both of them. Oryginally, the to specimens probably belonged to a hoard of bronzes.
Weight of the first specimen (Ryc. 2a, 3a) - 299,5 g; weight of the second one (Ryc. 2b, 3b) - 305,4 g.
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English.
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2005
The Axe from Czubin (Central Poland) may be classified as battle-axe type A, more specifically, s... more The Axe from Czubin (Central Poland) may be classified as battle-axe type A, more specifically, subtype A1-A2. Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English.
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Review of the exhibition presented at the National Museum in Warsaw (text only in Polish).
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The paper is in Polish and German.
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Books by Anna Drzewicz
The site was investigated by rescue excavation in 1959–1961. The findings included 251 features –... more The site was investigated by rescue excavation in 1959–1961. The findings included 251 features – the remains of a settlement of Lusatian Culture from the Early Iron Age and of a partly destroyed cremation cemetery, in use starting from late Hallstatt D until the Late Pre-Roman Period. The latest burials in the cemetery belong to Przeworsk Culture.
The features attributed to the Lusatian Culture settlement included a pottery vessel found on its own and 97 pits identified as such by the type of their fill and contents. In the surviving fragment of the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery were found 112 features: burials consisting of multiple urns placed in a cist or within a stone setting, cloche graves, urned cremation graves and pit-graves. The Przeworsk Culture was represented by just three graves; 38 features were recognized as natural.
The site is one of the more remarkable spots on the map of west Mazovia. The diversity of features and the sequence of archaeological cultures greatly add to our understanding of settlement change in this region during the Early Iron Age. Because of the multicultural character of site 1 in Sochaczew-Trojanów and the impressive quantity and diversity of the archaeological material the monograph has been divided into three parts. In Part 1 the focus is on the Lusatian Culture occupation, Part 2 and 3 will be dedicated to the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery and to the Przeworsk Culture features.
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The study focuses on selected issues associated with production of antler and bone artefacts in L... more The study focuses on selected issues associated with production of antler and bone artefacts in Lusatian culture during the Hallstatt period. Analysis is made of antler and bone objects recovered at the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt C) fortified settlement at Biskupin (Great Poland). Next to pottery and consumption debris, antler and bone artefacts are the largest category of finds registered at the site.
The analysis focused on the entire currently available material, attributable relatively soundly to Lusatian culture: 981 artefacts and their fragments, 372 waste pieces, fragments of unworked antler and bone and roughouts of obscure form and function.
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Katalog der Ausstellung aus den Sammlungen des Museums für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin /// ... more Katalog der Ausstellung aus den Sammlungen des Museums für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin /// Katalog wystawy ze zbiorów Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte w Berlinie.
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Conference Presentations by Anna Drzewicz
XXI Sesja Pomorzoznawcza, Toruń (2017). Presentation and text; only in Polish.
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Sesja sprawozdawcza Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie (2009). Presentation and text... more Sesja sprawozdawcza Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie (2009). Presentation and text; only in Polish.
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Papers by Anna Drzewicz
Pectorals (necklaces of multiple bronze rings) are one of the most distinctive forms of personal ornaments in the Pomeranian Culture. They consists of 7–17 rings of different size, fastened with a clasp. As a rule decoration was only on the upper face of the ring; only in a handful of specimens it appears on the lower face and they are presumably the effect of repairs of damaged pectorals (MORE ILLUSTRATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN THE FILE UPLODED IN THE "CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS"; SECTION; SEE BELOW).
The ring from Wola Pasikońska does not diverge of its shape and ornamentation of its outer face from other specimens of its class of the Pomeranian Culture. But the decoration of the lower face of the ring appear to have more in common with ornamentation seen on bronze artifacts attributed to the Lusatian Culture. The most likely interpretation is that this ring was created by recycling ‘Lusatian’ necklace. Its undecorated face was covered with an ornament to match the decoration of the pectoral being repaired. The terminals were trimmed and shaped differently to make them fit into the clasp.
The chemical analysis of the ring reveals that it was made of a tin bronze and probably had a tin coating, giving it a silvery hue!
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new file; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
The text of thie article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previouse one was damaged as some readers reported me).
New pdf because the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me.
The settlement of the Lusatian Culture in Biskupin is one of the most well-known archaeological sites in Poland. Excavations at the site, started in 1934 and ended on a vast scale in 1974, brought into light well preserved wooden remains of the fortified settlement dated to the VIII century BC. The remains of constructions were documented in detail by drawings and photographs from the very beginning of the excavations.
The photographs show parts of a building from a short distance, as well as extetensive architectural structures such as ramparts, breakwaters, rows of houses, communication routs. A separate group comprises photographs of plans of wooden structures.
The article discusses the significance of the above mentioned archival photographic documentation in the research on structures of buildings of the Biskupin settlement.
The wooden structures found on ares 125, 138 and 139 do not exhibit any significant differences when compared with features discovered during earlier excavations of the Biskupin settlement. As in other parts of the fortified settlement, the defence rampart was built of rows of interlocked wooden boxes resting, in phase I (older) on a foundation of tightly laid oak poles, and in phase II (younger) of birch branches and saplings. Inside the settlement, a ring-road ran parallel to the ramparts. It was built of logs resting on a layer of beams and fascine. Outside the ramparts, there was a breakwater made up of large oak stakes sloping at an angle of 45° towards the settlement.
An analysis of the defence structures from the two building phases (in the excavated areas) showed that the later one was moved back into the peninsula by about 2.5–3 m. On the γ quarter of are 125 and α quarter of are 139 the later rampart was probably imposed on the eastern edge of the heap of heavily burnt older fortifications. In the northern part of the area, where the younger ramparts turn slightly towards the north-east, they were probably situated wholely in the break between the rampart of phase I and the ring-road from the same time. Because the younger ring-road in this part of the site was moved in relation to the older by about 3 m east, as was the rampart, the two roads run almost parallel.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
Technology of production of the vessels from Biernatki was studied by making an analysis of physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these finds (microscope analysis of the fabric, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical analysis, derivative-grafic analysis, firing temperature etc.).
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was of poor quality).
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English
Weight of the first specimen (Ryc. 2a, 3a) - 299,5 g; weight of the second one (Ryc. 2b, 3b) - 305,4 g.
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English.
Books by Anna Drzewicz
The features attributed to the Lusatian Culture settlement included a pottery vessel found on its own and 97 pits identified as such by the type of their fill and contents. In the surviving fragment of the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery were found 112 features: burials consisting of multiple urns placed in a cist or within a stone setting, cloche graves, urned cremation graves and pit-graves. The Przeworsk Culture was represented by just three graves; 38 features were recognized as natural.
The site is one of the more remarkable spots on the map of west Mazovia. The diversity of features and the sequence of archaeological cultures greatly add to our understanding of settlement change in this region during the Early Iron Age. Because of the multicultural character of site 1 in Sochaczew-Trojanów and the impressive quantity and diversity of the archaeological material the monograph has been divided into three parts. In Part 1 the focus is on the Lusatian Culture occupation, Part 2 and 3 will be dedicated to the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery and to the Przeworsk Culture features.
The analysis focused on the entire currently available material, attributable relatively soundly to Lusatian culture: 981 artefacts and their fragments, 372 waste pieces, fragments of unworked antler and bone and roughouts of obscure form and function.
Conference Presentations by Anna Drzewicz
Pectorals (necklaces of multiple bronze rings) are one of the most distinctive forms of personal ornaments in the Pomeranian Culture. They consists of 7–17 rings of different size, fastened with a clasp. As a rule decoration was only on the upper face of the ring; only in a handful of specimens it appears on the lower face and they are presumably the effect of repairs of damaged pectorals (MORE ILLUSTRATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN THE FILE UPLODED IN THE "CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS"; SECTION; SEE BELOW).
The ring from Wola Pasikońska does not diverge of its shape and ornamentation of its outer face from other specimens of its class of the Pomeranian Culture. But the decoration of the lower face of the ring appear to have more in common with ornamentation seen on bronze artifacts attributed to the Lusatian Culture. The most likely interpretation is that this ring was created by recycling ‘Lusatian’ necklace. Its undecorated face was covered with an ornament to match the decoration of the pectoral being repaired. The terminals were trimmed and shaped differently to make them fit into the clasp.
The chemical analysis of the ring reveals that it was made of a tin bronze and probably had a tin coating, giving it a silvery hue!
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new file; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
The text of thie article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previouse one was damaged as some readers reported me).
New pdf because the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me.
The settlement of the Lusatian Culture in Biskupin is one of the most well-known archaeological sites in Poland. Excavations at the site, started in 1934 and ended on a vast scale in 1974, brought into light well preserved wooden remains of the fortified settlement dated to the VIII century BC. The remains of constructions were documented in detail by drawings and photographs from the very beginning of the excavations.
The photographs show parts of a building from a short distance, as well as extetensive architectural structures such as ramparts, breakwaters, rows of houses, communication routs. A separate group comprises photographs of plans of wooden structures.
The article discusses the significance of the above mentioned archival photographic documentation in the research on structures of buildings of the Biskupin settlement.
The wooden structures found on ares 125, 138 and 139 do not exhibit any significant differences when compared with features discovered during earlier excavations of the Biskupin settlement. As in other parts of the fortified settlement, the defence rampart was built of rows of interlocked wooden boxes resting, in phase I (older) on a foundation of tightly laid oak poles, and in phase II (younger) of birch branches and saplings. Inside the settlement, a ring-road ran parallel to the ramparts. It was built of logs resting on a layer of beams and fascine. Outside the ramparts, there was a breakwater made up of large oak stakes sloping at an angle of 45° towards the settlement.
An analysis of the defence structures from the two building phases (in the excavated areas) showed that the later one was moved back into the peninsula by about 2.5–3 m. On the γ quarter of are 125 and α quarter of are 139 the later rampart was probably imposed on the eastern edge of the heap of heavily burnt older fortifications. In the northern part of the area, where the younger ramparts turn slightly towards the north-east, they were probably situated wholely in the break between the rampart of phase I and the ring-road from the same time. Because the younger ring-road in this part of the site was moved in relation to the older by about 3 m east, as was the rampart, the two roads run almost parallel.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English.
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
Technology of production of the vessels from Biernatki was studied by making an analysis of physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these finds (microscope analysis of the fabric, X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical analysis, derivative-grafic analysis, firing temperature etc.).
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me).
The text of the article is in Polish; abstract and captions under all illustrations are in English (new pdf; the previous one was of poor quality).
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English
Weight of the first specimen (Ryc. 2a, 3a) - 299,5 g; weight of the second one (Ryc. 2b, 3b) - 305,4 g.
Text in Polish; a short summary and captions under all illustrations are in English.
The features attributed to the Lusatian Culture settlement included a pottery vessel found on its own and 97 pits identified as such by the type of their fill and contents. In the surviving fragment of the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery were found 112 features: burials consisting of multiple urns placed in a cist or within a stone setting, cloche graves, urned cremation graves and pit-graves. The Przeworsk Culture was represented by just three graves; 38 features were recognized as natural.
The site is one of the more remarkable spots on the map of west Mazovia. The diversity of features and the sequence of archaeological cultures greatly add to our understanding of settlement change in this region during the Early Iron Age. Because of the multicultural character of site 1 in Sochaczew-Trojanów and the impressive quantity and diversity of the archaeological material the monograph has been divided into three parts. In Part 1 the focus is on the Lusatian Culture occupation, Part 2 and 3 will be dedicated to the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave Cultures cemetery and to the Przeworsk Culture features.
The analysis focused on the entire currently available material, attributable relatively soundly to Lusatian culture: 981 artefacts and their fragments, 372 waste pieces, fragments of unworked antler and bone and roughouts of obscure form and function.