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2003, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
In 1993 the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw obtained a hammer (probably of Lusatian Culture) made of deer antler, found about 1983 in Warsaw’s quater Bielany during dredging of the Vistula River. The article presents the hammer and discusses the way of its production (text in Polish, summary in English). New pdf because the previous one was damaged as the readers reported me.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
Płonka T., Diakowski M., Kufel-Diakowska B., Bronowicki W., Miazga B., Stefaniak K. 2023. A new find of a Mesolithic antler axe from western PolandIn 2017, a man fishing in the Oder River accidentally discovered an antler-base axe in the village of Domaszków, Lower Silesian Voievodship. In-depth study of the axe included analysis of the traces on its surface, radiocarbon dating and paleogenetic analysis, and concluded with the tool's conservation. Most of the traces casting light on the techniques used in its crafting had been eroded by intensive water action. The axe was made from the unshed red deer antler. Among the preserved marks we note pointed depressions made during the separation of the antler beam, traces where the brow and bay tines were cut off, and concentric rings from the drilling of the perforation. A small scar on the axe's blade was identified as resulting from the tool's use. Radiocarbon dating placed the origins of the axe in Boreal period. Such tools are known from western Poland and the northwestern European Mesolithic as well as from the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
new find of a Mesolithic antler axe from western PolandIn 2017, a man fishing in the Oder River accidentally discovered an antler-base axe in the village of Domaszków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship. In-depth study of the axe included analysis of the traces on its surface, radiocarbon dating and paleogenetic analysis, and concluded with the tool’s conservation. Most of the traces casting light on the techniques used in its crafting had been eroded by intensive water action. The axe was made from the unshed red deer antler. Among the preserved marks we note pointed depressions made during the separation of the antler beam, traces where the brow and bay tines were cut off, and concentric rings from the drilling of the perforation. A small scar on the axe’s blade was identified as resulting from the tool’s use. Radiocarbon dating placed the origins of the axe in Boreal period. Such tools are known from western Poland and the north-western European Mesolithic as well as from the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age.
2014 •
This paper is devoted to the detailed study of three unusual objects discovered in a Pavlovian context (27,500–25,000 BP) at the eponymous site (Pavlov I) which is a large open-air occupation in southern Moravia, and where a large number of spectacular bone tools were recovered. Although stone flaking is a well-known and common activity for the Palaeolithic human groups, antler billets related to this activity are still very rare. Any new discoveries in this domain thus deserve precise documentation. The soft hammer presented here is especially interesting because it is a rare case of a complete billet, well preserved, and it is also the first example which can be related to a left-handed person. The two other antler tools analyzed here appear to have been associated with activities that are poorly known in association with bone tools, such as the grinding/crushing of vegetal and mineral materials (fibers, colorants, etc.). Although such massive tools made from mammoth tusks are already known during the Upper Palaeolithic (but still poorly documented), the existence of such tools made of antler is exceptionally mentioned. This paper presents a description of their manufacturing chaîne opératoire and their specific functional usewear. The objective of this study is primarily methodological, to contribute to a better technical and functional characterization of these special antler tools. These data will also be compared with the remainder of the material culture in order to discuss the interaction between the exploitation of stone and organic resources, and the activities that took place at Pavlov I.
Analyses of worked faunal remains from three Bronze to Iron Age (c. 900–400 BC) sites in Poland demonstrate changing trends in Central European prehistoric hard-tissue-processing tools and techniques.
Close to the bone: current studies in bone technologies
Bone and antler artefacts from an 8-5th century BC settlement at Grzybiany, South-Western PolandThe paper presents the general results of studies on 75 bone, antler and horn artefacts produced by the excavations of a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age lake settlement at Grzybiany, in present-day south-west Poland.
The subject of the present paper is antler objects from the collection of the open-air site Sungir. An adult reindeer antlers consist of a base – outlet, the main stem – tube that goes up and back, and then up and down, and appendixes – supraorbital, glacial, back and coronal, the latter form a complex branched crown of antlers (Geptner et al. 1961). Traditionally in the collection Sungir there occur objects carved from antler with chopped supraorbital and glacial appendixes. However, it should be particularly emphasized that certain appendixes are not available in the collection of the site. As a part of this work a general analysis of antler findings from Sungir was carried out, including technical and typological characteristics (except two objects and two dropped antlers from burials). The relatively high percentage of objects made from antler (28 objects, or 16% of the total number of the finds from bone material except personal ornaments and art objects) distinguish Sungir from other chronologically close sites: Kostenki-Streletskaya and Aurignacian archaeological sites of the Russian Plain, on which tooled antler was found either in minimum number (1-2 objects for the site) or didn't not occur at all (Bader 1978; Paleolit… 1982). The main method of processing antlers on the site is hitting technique (cutting), traces of which can be seen on 75% of objects. The most frequently used method while forming the working part of the tool is application of long longitudinal splits (7 exemplars). In two cases this splits was subsequently completed by scraping. The largest number of antler finds is objects with tool marks – 11 items. They have traces of chopping, cutting (?), scraping, but they couldn't be reliably attributed to the finds of any object categories (maybe it's the preform and/or by-products). Four objects are hoe-like tools. Handle as a separate element of construction is not observed on any objects. The blade portion of all objects of the chosen category is oval, flattened and polished from use. The shape of one find reminds hoe-like tool, whose working end is partly broken and blunted, so that the object could serve as a chisel. One product is a chisel made of a hollow horn. At the distal end there are traces of microflaking and small negatives of splits. One item made from antlers was previously defined as “striker” or “hammer” by the traces of beating at the outlet and the general morphology of the tool. In general, we can say that the antler collection of Sungir is quite monotonous: there are no significant series of tools with finished forms of one type. As distinctive by-products of the antler industry are not fixed in the analysis of the collection, it can be assumed that the people, while collecting raw materials, were determined in advance which parts of the antlers they will require, so that they separated and discarded unused fragments. The cutting as a main technique of processing antlers is evidence of archaism of antler industry (Semenov, 1968). Thus, we can conclude that the use of antlers took place during the time of human habitation on the archaeological site, but the whole cycle of working with antlers (including the bringing and dismemberment of antler) was not performed directly on the investigated territory of the site.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 70
A classification of objects made of bone, antler, tooth and horn from the Early Bronze Age fortified settlement in Maszkowice2018 •
Excavations at the Early Bronze Age fortified settlement in Maszkowice (Western Carpathians) carried out in 1959-1975 and 2010-2017 produced, among other finds, a collection of 56 artifacts made of bone, antler, teeth and horn. They were classified using formal criteria (size, shape, decoration), as well as character of use-wear traces into four types of ornaments (plaque, pendants, pins, dress items made of long bones) and seven types of tools (awls, perforators, spatulas, tanning tool, polishers, antler picks and hafted chopping tools). In the description of each type, we focus on its functional interpretation, discussing some opinions already existing in the literature. In the final section of the paper, we also analyze the frequency of each type in different contexts, as well as on the site in general.
In: J. Baron & B. Kufel-Diakowska (Eds.), Written in Bones. Studies on technological and social contexts of past faunal skeletal remains
Horncores antlers and bones a late medieval workshop Poland_Pawłowska 20112011 •
"Worked animal bone constitutes one type of archaeological relic—alongside pottery, postconsumption animal bones, toothed saw blades, and lathe discs—recovered from site 19 in Inowrocław (Kuyavia Lake District, central Poland). Site 19 is a piece of land belonging to a convent which contains some wooden buildings. The Franciscan nuns made the land available to the townspeople in the Late Middle Ages. Around the wooden buildings were found numerous signs of workshop activity, in the form of worked fragments of horncore, antler, and bone (n=347). Worked elements are classified into three categories, depending on whether they belong to the primary, secondary, or tertiary stage of the manufacturing process. Craft materials, semi-finished products, unfinished products, and finished products are all present. Products were prepared on-site, from the preliminary processing of material to the final stage of production, as exemplified by the diverse elements of facings and combs present. In most cases (about 60%), the elements of all three groups are waste. The analysed bone material represents the remnants of a late medieval workshop. The profile of the workshop indicates that mostly horncores (which dominate in the material) and antlers were worked on. The elements are derived mainly from goats, cattle, and red deer. Most of the approximately 350 worked horncores, antlers, and bone fragments came from domestic mammals (60%, n=218), with about 30% (n=96) coming from wild mammals and 10% from fish (n=1), mammals (n=32). Key words: zooarchaeology, worked bone, workshop, Late Middle Ages, Kuyavia, Poland
2010 •
The use of soft (bone, antler, tooth and wood) hammers and retouchers is a key innovation in early stone tool technology, first appearing in the archaeological record with Lower Palaeolithic handaxe industries (e.g. Boxgrove, UK ~500 ka). Although organic knapping tools were undoubtedly a component of early human toolkits and are essential, for example, for the manufacture of finely-flaked handaxes, Mousterian scrapers and Upper Palaeolithic blades tools, such archaeological finds are exceptionally rare. In this study, we present qualitative and quantitative analyses (focus variation optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, micro-CT scanning and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), of a newly discovered antler flint knapping from Laugerie-Haute West (France). This specimen was originally identified as a waste-product from splinter manufacture, and the use-damage appears to have been overlooked by earlier workers. The new analysis shows that prior to being used as a flint-knapping percussor, the red deer antler had been modified to reduce the length of its beam and to remove the tines. Although minimally used, characteristic use-damage includes attrition (pits and scores), compression of the antler matrix and flint chips embedded within some of the percussion features on the base of the burr. An AMS radiocarbon date of 12,385 ± 55 BP (12,647 ± 335 BC calibrated) confirms a Magdelenian context for the hammer. The fact that the Laugerie-Haute knapping hammer went unrecognised in a well-studied and accessible collection where it was stored for almost 200 years, suggests that antler hammers may be more common than generally assumed. Only further re-examination of prehistoric antlers in museum collections will confirm whether the apparent rarity of antler hammers during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic is real phenomenon or the result of analytical biases.
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