One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and si... more One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and singular –or multiple, company or country based. This question is yet to be answered, but unique metaverse universes, which will be built based on regional integrations rather than McWorld monopolization, will gain value in the future for the healthy operation of the Metaverse. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which was developed into an international organizational structure through the initiative of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan last year, offers a form whose effectiveness is increasing daily in the global system, in keeping with the 2040 Vision of the Turkic World. Under Türkiye’s leadership, the Turkoverse, a unique Metaverse universe in which the members of the OTS will interact, can be built. By integrating the capital cities of the member states into this structure, their geographical distance will be eliminated, and the free movement of labor and money within the T...
As the Yugoslav Wars tore the Western Balkan region, events during and after World War II did the... more As the Yugoslav Wars tore the Western Balkan region, events during and after World War II did the same for the Northeast Asia region (China, Japan, and Korea). But today, through Heritage Diplomacy (HD) practice in the BRI, China promotes regional cooperation, stability, and constructive diplomatic relations. A significant part of HD is providing assistance to other countries, such as renovation/cultural heritage protection and heritage management assistance, technology transfer, capacity building, and institutional support. Thus, the Western Balkans can use the same formula as the BRI to promote and facilitate continuous cooperation, harmony, and political dialogue between states in the region.
One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and si... more One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and singular –or multiple, company or country based. This question is yet to be answered, but unique metaverse universes, which will be built based on regional integrations rather than McWorld monopolization, will gain value in the future for the healthy operation of the Metaverse. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which was developed into an international organizational structure through the initiative of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan last year, offers a form whose effectiveness is increasing daily in the global system, in keeping with the 2040 Vision of the Turkic World. Under Türkiye’s leadership, the Turkoverse, a unique Metaverse universe in which the members of the OTS will interact, can be built. By integrating the capital cities of the member states into this structure, their geographical distance will be eliminated, and the free movement of labor and money within the Turkic World will be possible. Ultimately, this step will protect Türkiye and other Turkic states from uncertainties about the future of the larger Metaverse. This paper investigates the extent to which the Metaverse is the next big thing in diplomacy and how Türkiye can impact the formation of a new norm that will eventually affect the global system.
2019 sonunda başlayıp tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi uluslararası sistem içeri... more 2019 sonunda başlayıp tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi uluslararası sistem içerisinde süre gelen dijitalleşme olgusunun ivmelenmesine imkân tanımıştır. Öyle ki, eğitimden ticarete, market alışverişinden sağlık sektörüne kadar birçok farklı alanda süreç internet marifetiyle sürdürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda tüm dünyanın tecrübe ettiği dijital dönüşüm kısaca: "Bilgi teknolojilerinin yoğun kullanımı ile iş süreçlerinin ve bilgilerin hızlı, para ve zaman tasarrufu sağlayarak dijital (elektronik) ortama taşınması…" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Peki bugün Metaverse'den BigData'ya kadar birçok farklı mecrada dile getirilen dijital dönüşümün diplomasi alanındaki tezahürü ne anlama gelmektedir? (https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/perspektif/erman-akilli/2022/01/01/diplomaside-dijital-donusum-ve-turkiye)
TİKA's Soft Power: Nation Branding in Turkish Foreign Policy
ARTICLE ABSTRACT Over the past fifteen years, nation branding has become a popular subject of stu... more ARTICLE ABSTRACT Over the past fifteen years, nation branding has become a popular subject of study, and a formative enterprise in the creation of national character. The aim of nation branding is to create positive feelings in peo-ple's minds toward the economic, political, social and geographical conditions of a nation. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of TİKA in the context of Turkey's nation branding in general, with special attention to the Syrian refugee crisis. Further, this paper aims to explain the effects of the Turkish humanitarian assistance process on the Syrian people who live in Turkey as refugees, and to bring a nation branding perspective to how and why nations pay attention to public diplomacy in their attempts to keep their national image strong. The Relationship between Nation Branding and Humanitarian Assistance N ation branding is an important concept in today's world; it can be described as the increase in a country's positive recognizability in the world through the construction of attitudes and emotions towards that nation. As a consequence of globalization, all countries must compete with each other for the attention, respect, and trust of investors, tourists, consumers , donors, immigrants, media, and governments of other nations: a powerful and positive nation brand provides a crucial competitive advantage. It is essential for countries to understand how they are seen by publics around the world, and how their achievements and failures, their assets and their liabilities, their people and their products are reflected in their brand image. Branding is not just a singular image or characteristic that helps distinguish one product from others. It is a process which creates a meaningful whole with physical, nonphysical, and psychological or sociological aspects. 1 In general, branding is essential across a large spectrum of the economy, finance, market
Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case, 2016
ARTICLE ABSTRACT The current research has the purpose of analyzing Turkey's approach toward Latin... more ARTICLE ABSTRACT The current research has the purpose of analyzing Turkey's approach toward Latin America and the Caribbean region through the prism of soft power theory, and through a specific case study, i.e. Turkey-Cuba relations. The working assumption is that Turkey has been able to increase its presence and influence in the region, thanks to a particular soft power-oriented approach known as multi-dimensional policy, which reflects both new behavior and new agents. An analysis of Turkey-Cuba relations will not only help to improve the literature about Turkey's foreign policy on a subject which has not yet been adequately examined, but will also underline features and peculiarities of Turkey's soft power, such as the emerging "Mosque Diplomacy. "
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS, NATION BRANDING AND THE GOOD COUNTRY INDEX: TURKEY EXAMPLE
Today, international education and international students are complementary to the diplomatic und... more Today, international education and international students are complementary to the diplomatic understanding of states, in that they export their positive images to the world through the international students that they host. The concept of nation branding, which is a manifestation of states' soft power politics, also plays an important role in this positive image construction. In this context, the "Good Country Index" developed by Simon Anholt, one of the scales used to measure the positive images of countries within the international system, is the basis of this study. In this study, it is aimed to monitor Turkey's position in the Good Country Index considering the country's positive image and international student experience. According to the Index's results under the related category of international students, Turkey has a stable position in 2016 and 2017 results but has an increasing trend at overall ratings.
TURKEY'S ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST POLICY AND SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes Picot Agreemen... more The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes Picot Agreement, prepared by Great Britain and France on 19 May, 1916. While the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom from the empire, history unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale well suited to the Arabian Nights. That agreement erased one region, replacing it with another; and the Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at least until the so-called Arab Spring. The Arab Spring uprisings shook most of the region's totalitarian regimes to their foundations, with very few left untouched. A total of 18 countries were eventually affected: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some are emerged with little damage, like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely the Arab Spring is the second biggest event in the Arabian geography since the Sykes Picot agreement. In contrast to Sykes Picot, the Arab Spring was started by the people not by foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot was a backwards step for Arab independence; similarly, neither the current anti-democratic events against Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria's current civil war situation are very promising for the future of the Arab Spring. This paper explains developments in Turkey's perceptions of the region and Arabic states since the foundation of the Turkish Republic. To do this, it reviews key events from the Atatürk Era to the Arab Spring. After outlining the historical background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle East, the article discusses the Arab Spring in relation to the heavily affected states. Finally, through this review, Turkey's humanitarian diplomacy towards Syria will be examined.
People, Power, and Politics in the Post-Pandemic World Order, 2023
2020 showed the world that the international system is always open to global crises. Throughout h... more 2020 showed the world that the international system is always open to global crises. Throughout history, several breaking points significantly impacted the international system, such as the Peace of Westphalia, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the World Wars, the end of the Cold War, and 9/11. In other words, the world has endured many global crises throughout history, such as global-scale wars, biohazards, and, most importantly, pandemics that have affected millions of people. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020, the international system entered a transition process that involved many countries in different ways. Some countries imposed mandatory curfews, and some closed their borders to foreigners.
Moreover, for many countries, medical supplies turned into goods to be traded on the black market, hard to find and very hard to share. Even though two years have passed since the COVID-19 pandemic became a norm for the international public, its effects, most arguably its aftermath, still carry on. As such, it is essential to understand this transition from different angles. This book explores and evaluates the issues upon which the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect, such as migration management, climate change, diplomacy, regional politics, and globalisation.
World Politics in the Age of Uncertainty The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
We welcome your valuable contributions to our book titled "World Politics in the Age of Uncertain... more We welcome your valuable contributions to our book titled "World Politics in the Age of Uncertainty: the Covid-19 Pandemic", which will be published by Palgrave Macmillan, and co-edited with my esteemed colleague Professor Burak Güneş.
One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and si... more One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and singular –or multiple, company or country based. This question is yet to be answered, but unique metaverse universes, which will be built based on regional integrations rather than McWorld monopolization, will gain value in the future for the healthy operation of the Metaverse. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which was developed into an international organizational structure through the initiative of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan last year, offers a form whose effectiveness is increasing daily in the global system, in keeping with the 2040 Vision of the Turkic World. Under Türkiye’s leadership, the Turkoverse, a unique Metaverse universe in which the members of the OTS will interact, can be built. By integrating the capital cities of the member states into this structure, their geographical distance will be eliminated, and the free movement of labor and money within the T...
As the Yugoslav Wars tore the Western Balkan region, events during and after World War II did the... more As the Yugoslav Wars tore the Western Balkan region, events during and after World War II did the same for the Northeast Asia region (China, Japan, and Korea). But today, through Heritage Diplomacy (HD) practice in the BRI, China promotes regional cooperation, stability, and constructive diplomatic relations. A significant part of HD is providing assistance to other countries, such as renovation/cultural heritage protection and heritage management assistance, technology transfer, capacity building, and institutional support. Thus, the Western Balkans can use the same formula as the BRI to promote and facilitate continuous cooperation, harmony, and political dialogue between states in the region.
One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and si... more One of the critical questions for the future of the Metaverse is whether it will be global and singular –or multiple, company or country based. This question is yet to be answered, but unique metaverse universes, which will be built based on regional integrations rather than McWorld monopolization, will gain value in the future for the healthy operation of the Metaverse. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which was developed into an international organizational structure through the initiative of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan last year, offers a form whose effectiveness is increasing daily in the global system, in keeping with the 2040 Vision of the Turkic World. Under Türkiye’s leadership, the Turkoverse, a unique Metaverse universe in which the members of the OTS will interact, can be built. By integrating the capital cities of the member states into this structure, their geographical distance will be eliminated, and the free movement of labor and money within the Turkic World will be possible. Ultimately, this step will protect Türkiye and other Turkic states from uncertainties about the future of the larger Metaverse. This paper investigates the extent to which the Metaverse is the next big thing in diplomacy and how Türkiye can impact the formation of a new norm that will eventually affect the global system.
2019 sonunda başlayıp tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi uluslararası sistem içeri... more 2019 sonunda başlayıp tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 pandemisi uluslararası sistem içerisinde süre gelen dijitalleşme olgusunun ivmelenmesine imkân tanımıştır. Öyle ki, eğitimden ticarete, market alışverişinden sağlık sektörüne kadar birçok farklı alanda süreç internet marifetiyle sürdürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda tüm dünyanın tecrübe ettiği dijital dönüşüm kısaca: "Bilgi teknolojilerinin yoğun kullanımı ile iş süreçlerinin ve bilgilerin hızlı, para ve zaman tasarrufu sağlayarak dijital (elektronik) ortama taşınması…" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Peki bugün Metaverse'den BigData'ya kadar birçok farklı mecrada dile getirilen dijital dönüşümün diplomasi alanındaki tezahürü ne anlama gelmektedir? (https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/perspektif/erman-akilli/2022/01/01/diplomaside-dijital-donusum-ve-turkiye)
TİKA's Soft Power: Nation Branding in Turkish Foreign Policy
ARTICLE ABSTRACT Over the past fifteen years, nation branding has become a popular subject of stu... more ARTICLE ABSTRACT Over the past fifteen years, nation branding has become a popular subject of study, and a formative enterprise in the creation of national character. The aim of nation branding is to create positive feelings in peo-ple's minds toward the economic, political, social and geographical conditions of a nation. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of TİKA in the context of Turkey's nation branding in general, with special attention to the Syrian refugee crisis. Further, this paper aims to explain the effects of the Turkish humanitarian assistance process on the Syrian people who live in Turkey as refugees, and to bring a nation branding perspective to how and why nations pay attention to public diplomacy in their attempts to keep their national image strong. The Relationship between Nation Branding and Humanitarian Assistance N ation branding is an important concept in today's world; it can be described as the increase in a country's positive recognizability in the world through the construction of attitudes and emotions towards that nation. As a consequence of globalization, all countries must compete with each other for the attention, respect, and trust of investors, tourists, consumers , donors, immigrants, media, and governments of other nations: a powerful and positive nation brand provides a crucial competitive advantage. It is essential for countries to understand how they are seen by publics around the world, and how their achievements and failures, their assets and their liabilities, their people and their products are reflected in their brand image. Branding is not just a singular image or characteristic that helps distinguish one product from others. It is a process which creates a meaningful whole with physical, nonphysical, and psychological or sociological aspects. 1 In general, branding is essential across a large spectrum of the economy, finance, market
Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case, 2016
ARTICLE ABSTRACT The current research has the purpose of analyzing Turkey's approach toward Latin... more ARTICLE ABSTRACT The current research has the purpose of analyzing Turkey's approach toward Latin America and the Caribbean region through the prism of soft power theory, and through a specific case study, i.e. Turkey-Cuba relations. The working assumption is that Turkey has been able to increase its presence and influence in the region, thanks to a particular soft power-oriented approach known as multi-dimensional policy, which reflects both new behavior and new agents. An analysis of Turkey-Cuba relations will not only help to improve the literature about Turkey's foreign policy on a subject which has not yet been adequately examined, but will also underline features and peculiarities of Turkey's soft power, such as the emerging "Mosque Diplomacy. "
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS, NATION BRANDING AND THE GOOD COUNTRY INDEX: TURKEY EXAMPLE
Today, international education and international students are complementary to the diplomatic und... more Today, international education and international students are complementary to the diplomatic understanding of states, in that they export their positive images to the world through the international students that they host. The concept of nation branding, which is a manifestation of states' soft power politics, also plays an important role in this positive image construction. In this context, the "Good Country Index" developed by Simon Anholt, one of the scales used to measure the positive images of countries within the international system, is the basis of this study. In this study, it is aimed to monitor Turkey's position in the Good Country Index considering the country's positive image and international student experience. According to the Index's results under the related category of international students, Turkey has a stable position in 2016 and 2017 results but has an increasing trend at overall ratings.
TURKEY'S ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST POLICY AND SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes Picot Agreemen... more The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes Picot Agreement, prepared by Great Britain and France on 19 May, 1916. While the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom from the empire, history unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale well suited to the Arabian Nights. That agreement erased one region, replacing it with another; and the Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at least until the so-called Arab Spring. The Arab Spring uprisings shook most of the region's totalitarian regimes to their foundations, with very few left untouched. A total of 18 countries were eventually affected: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some are emerged with little damage, like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely the Arab Spring is the second biggest event in the Arabian geography since the Sykes Picot agreement. In contrast to Sykes Picot, the Arab Spring was started by the people not by foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot was a backwards step for Arab independence; similarly, neither the current anti-democratic events against Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria's current civil war situation are very promising for the future of the Arab Spring. This paper explains developments in Turkey's perceptions of the region and Arabic states since the foundation of the Turkish Republic. To do this, it reviews key events from the Atatürk Era to the Arab Spring. After outlining the historical background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle East, the article discusses the Arab Spring in relation to the heavily affected states. Finally, through this review, Turkey's humanitarian diplomacy towards Syria will be examined.
People, Power, and Politics in the Post-Pandemic World Order, 2023
2020 showed the world that the international system is always open to global crises. Throughout h... more 2020 showed the world that the international system is always open to global crises. Throughout history, several breaking points significantly impacted the international system, such as the Peace of Westphalia, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the World Wars, the end of the Cold War, and 9/11. In other words, the world has endured many global crises throughout history, such as global-scale wars, biohazards, and, most importantly, pandemics that have affected millions of people. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in early 2020, the international system entered a transition process that involved many countries in different ways. Some countries imposed mandatory curfews, and some closed their borders to foreigners.
Moreover, for many countries, medical supplies turned into goods to be traded on the black market, hard to find and very hard to share. Even though two years have passed since the COVID-19 pandemic became a norm for the international public, its effects, most arguably its aftermath, still carry on. As such, it is essential to understand this transition from different angles. This book explores and evaluates the issues upon which the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect, such as migration management, climate change, diplomacy, regional politics, and globalisation.
World Politics in the Age of Uncertainty The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
We welcome your valuable contributions to our book titled "World Politics in the Age of Uncertain... more We welcome your valuable contributions to our book titled "World Politics in the Age of Uncertainty: the Covid-19 Pandemic", which will be published by Palgrave Macmillan, and co-edited with my esteemed colleague Professor Burak Güneş.
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Moreover, for many countries, medical supplies turned into goods to be traded on the black market, hard to find and very hard to share. Even though two years have passed since the COVID-19 pandemic became a norm for the international public, its effects, most arguably its aftermath, still carry on. As such, it is essential to understand this transition from different angles. This book explores and evaluates the issues upon which the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect, such as migration management, climate change, diplomacy, regional politics, and globalisation.
Moreover, for many countries, medical supplies turned into goods to be traded on the black market, hard to find and very hard to share. Even though two years have passed since the COVID-19 pandemic became a norm for the international public, its effects, most arguably its aftermath, still carry on. As such, it is essential to understand this transition from different angles. This book explores and evaluates the issues upon which the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect, such as migration management, climate change, diplomacy, regional politics, and globalisation.