Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World Edited by Ahmet Gökbel, Erman Akıllı and Burak Güneş Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World Edited by Ahmet Gökbel, Erman Akıllı and Burak Güneş This book first published 2023 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2023 by Ahmet Gökbel, Erman Akıllı, Burak Güneş and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0733-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0733-3 Table of Contents Contributors .............................................................................................. vii Introduction ............................................................................................. xiv Ahmet Gökbel, Erman Akıllı & Burak Güneş Chapter I ..................................................................................................... 1 The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Health Sector from the Global and Turkish Perspectives Harun Çiftçi & Özcan Özkan Chapter II .................................................................................................. 36 Drivers of Organisational Excellence in the Post-Pandemic World Order Ali Alfarsi Chapter III ................................................................................................ 51 The Effects of COVID-19 on Muslim Organisations and their Umbrella Organisations in Germany Hakan Aydın Chapter IV ................................................................................................ 64 The Crime of Violating the Measures Related to Infectious Diseases in the Turkish Penal Code in the Context of Coronavirus Hüseyin Ertuğrul Chapter V ................................................................................................. 82 Farmers in the Food Supply Chain Facing New, Post-Pandemic Challenges Izabela Lipińska Chapter VI ................................................................................................ 97 Internationalisation in Higher Education in the Post-Pandemic World Order: Case Study of Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Asli Akıllı & Erman Akıllı vi Table of Contents Chapter VII ............................................................................................. 112 International Security and Perceptions in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic Kürşat Kan Chapter VIII............................................................................................ 134 Post-Pandemic Challenges for Aviation English Training Nataliia Glushanytsia & Erman Akıllı Chapter IX .............................................................................................. 151 An Axiological Approach to the Implementation of Information Technology in Education Tetyana Tarnavska & Erman Akıllı Chapter X ............................................................................................... 160 Great Powers and Nation-States in the Coronation Era Merve Suna Özel Özcan & Emine Erden Kaya Chapter XI .............................................................................................. 179 Early Modern Ottoman Legal Sources Concerning Diseases and Epidemics: Ibn Kemāl’s (D. 940/1534) Fatwas Abdullah Rıdvan Gökbel Chapter XII ............................................................................................. 199 Religious Education and Teaching during the Pandemic in Belgium Abdulhalim İnam Contributors Editors Ahmet Gökbel: PhD, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Turkiye. ORCID: 0000-0001-8259-8808. Prof. Ahmet Gökbel was born in 1965 in the Yahyali district of Kayseri. He completed his primary, secondary, and high school education in Yahyali. He graduated from the Faculty of Theology at Erciyes University in 1987. He received his master’s degree in 1990 and doctorate in 1994 at the same university’s department of history of religions. He graduated from the Department of International Relations at Eskişehir Anadolu University in 2016. Prof. Gökbel, who worked as a teacher and administrator in various schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education between 1987 and 1995, started working as a lecturer in the Faculty of Theology, Department of History of Religions at Cumhuriyet University in 1995; he was appointed as associate professor in 1999 and professor in 2005. Meanwhile, he served as the vice dean and dean of the faculty. In 2010, he was transferred to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Philosophy at Ahi Evran University. Prof. Gökbel, appointed as the vicerector in 2015, continues his scientific studies in the Department of International Relations of the İİBF, in addition to his administrative duties. He was awarded the Service to Turkish World Culture award in 2019 and researches topics such as Turkish cultural history, Anatolian folk culture and beliefs, Akhism, Alevi-Bektashi culture, and Turkish religious history. Gökbel speaks English and Arabic and is the father of three children. Erman Akıllı: PhD, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Turkiye. ORCID: 0000-0001-7782-0881. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erman Akıllı is a faculty member in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University. Lecturing undergraduate and graduate courses on Turkish foreign policy, Prof. Akıllı has given many national and international speeches and written a number of articles (SSCI, Scopus, and various indexes, etc.), single-authored books, edited books, viii Contributors book chapters, and papers. For details of Dr. Akıllı’s studies, please see: https://ermanakilli.academia.edu/ Burak Güneş: PhD, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Turkiye. ORCID: 0000-0002-7652-6733. Burak Güneş graduated from the Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of International Relations at Ankara University. Following graduation, he went to the United Kingdom to study for a master’s degree in 2011 with the Ministry of National Education Scholarship (YLSY). He studied international law at the University of Sussex Law School and completed his master’s degree with his thesis on private military companies and the responsibility of states. In 2013, after his graduation, Güneş began work as a research assistant in the International Relations Department at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University. In the same year, he enrolled as a PhD student in the International Relations Department of the Middle East Technical University. He earned the title of PhD in 2019 with his doctoral thesis entitled “International Law on States Arming Non-State Groups in the Other States”. He has worked as an assistant professor in the International Relations Department at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University since 2021. Authors Harun Çiftçi: Rector of Cankiri Karatekin University, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Medicine Faculty, Medical Biochemistry Division, Kırşehir, Türkiye Çankırı Karatekin University Rectorate, Çankırı, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-0002-3210-5566 Prof. Dr. Harun Çiftçi was born in 1975 in Elazig. Having completed the Chemical Engineering Department (BA) of Fırat University, Faculty of Engineering in 1996, Rector Prof. Dr. Çiftçi completed his MA in organic chemistry, his first PhD in analytical chemistry, and his second PhD in medical biochemistry. He received the title of associate professor in 2012 and professor in 2017. He is the head and lecturer of the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine. In addition to his academic duties at the Faculty of Medicine, he has carried out many tasks such as executive, coordinator, and consultant in European Union, TUBITAK, and regional development projects. He has contributed significantly to national and international studies in multidisciplinary fields due to his expertise in basic Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World ix and applied sciences. Rector Prof. Dr. Çiftçi speaks English. He is married and has two children. Özcan Özkan: Çankırı Karatekin University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Çankırı, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-0002-5216-8361 Prof. Ozcan Ozkan graduated from the Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in 1996. At the Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute, Ministry of Health, Prof. Ozkan worked as director of the Immsunsera Production and Laboratory Animal Breeding Department between 1998 and 2001. He became the Institute’s laboratory chief in the Biological Products Control Department in 2001. Thereafter, he worked as the head of the experimental research and application centre at the Institute. Prof. Ozkan was appointed to the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Health and worked there until 2016. He received the title of associate professor in 2013. At Çankırı Karatekin University, Prof. Ozkan was appointed as associate professor in 2016 and received the title of professor in 2019. Prof. Ozkan serves as the dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences. Abdullah Rıdvan Gökbel: PhD candidate, University of Tübingen, Germany, ORCID: 0000-0003-1815-0245. Abdullah Rıdvan Gökbel is a doctoral candidate at the Centre for Islamic Theology, University of Tübingen. He received his BA from the Faculty of Divinity at Istanbul 29 Mayis University, and his MA from the Department of History of Religions at Istanbul University. He also studied Islamic theology in England, Jordan, and Egypt. His doctoral research investigates interreligious encounters in the early modern Ottoman Empire; in conjunction with this project, he focuses on Muslim–Christian relations in the thought of the 16th century Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Kemāl. Abdulhalim İnam: PhD, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-0002-8370-3961. Abdulhalim İnam was born in 1971 in Zonguldak/Devrek. After completing his Hafiz in 1986, he graduated from Devrek Imam-Hatip High School in 1993. He graduated from Anadolu University’s Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Management and Organisation, in 2000. In 2007, he completed his master’s degree in the Religious Education Department of Philosophy and Religious Sciences, Faculty of Theology, x Contributors Selcuk University. In 2013, he completed his doctorate in Anadolu University’s Faculty of Theology and Necmettin Erbakan University on “Preschool religious education in Belgian Catholic educational institutions”. He worked at Karabuk University’s Faculty of Theology between 2014 and 2017, at Çanakkale 18 Mart University’s Faculty of Theology between 2017 and 2018, and at the Ahi Evran University Faculty of Health Sciences Child Development Department since 2019. He has two published articles on “A theoretical analysis of morale lessons in Belgian secondary education institutions in terms of religious education”, “The institution of imamate in the Turkish army and its spiritual role in the battles of Çanakkale”, “The national vision of Islamic society as a peaceful effort against the rising right politics”, “A European model Imam Hatip High School: The example of Belgian Avicenna Institute and Girls’ Imam Hatip High School”, and “Belgium Anatolian Imam in the seventieth anniversary of its reopening”, as well as symposium papers on Hatip High School. Abdulhalim Inam is married and has three children. Hakan Aydın: PhD, director of the ILM International Association of Academics, ORCID: 0000-0003-3928-9078. Hakan Aydın was born in 1973 in Istanbul. He completed primary school in Germany (Augsburg) in 1984. Between 1984 and 1987, he completed the hafiz course in Istanbul and received a Diyanet Hafiz Certificate. In 1990, he graduated from Imam Hatip High School. In 2011, he graduated with a theology associate degree, and in 2013 he graduated from the Ankara University Faculty of Theology. He completed his doctoral study at the Faculty of Theology in Münster, Germany with his thesis titled “Islamic Rules in Coexistence in European Societies” in 2015, and this work was published by Waxmann Publications. He worked as a lecturer at the Faculty of Theology at the University of Münster for two years and at the Catholic University of Berlin for one year. He is currently working as the director of the ILM International Association of Academics. Hakan Aydın, who is married and has three children, speaks Turkish, German, and Arabic fluently. Ali Alfarsi: DBA, Liverpool Business School, Liverpool John Moores University, ORCID: 0000-0002-8169-4846. Dr. Alfarsi is a change and excellence management expert with more than 14 years of strategic management, change management, research development, and excellence experience. He has used his strategic, excellence, and change Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World xi management expertise to identify and optimise workflow systems, to develop applications and guidance on change management processes, and to help identify methodologies for delivering business aspiration, strategies, and targets. As a SKEA senior assessor, a certified internal auditor who holds an ICBB black belt, and an ICGB green belt in project management, his contribution to project delivery is pivotal. Dr. Alfarsi is an executive in excellence, strategic management, leadership, change management, innovation, and research with over 15 years’ experience initiating high level projects, research and development, change management, adopting strategic thought, and facilitating quality processes, systems, and services in public sector organisations with successful turnaround of under-performing departments and systems in the UAE. Hüseyin Ertuğrul: Ahi Evran University, FEAS, Political Science and Public Administration, ORCID: 0000-0003-1372-2451. Hüseyin Ertuğrul was born in 1983 in Kırşehir, Turkiye. He completed his high school education in 2001 in Kırşehir. He graduated from the Faculty of Law at Gazi University in 2006 and completed his master’s degree in criminal law at the same faculty in 2008. The same year, he started working as a lecturer at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University. He completed his PhD education at Kırıkkale University in the field of public defence in 2016. He is still working as an Asst. Prof. Dr. at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. Izabela Lipińska: PhD, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu, ORCID: 0000-0003-2884-0733. Izabela Hanna Lipińska is a Polish lawyer and Dr. Habil. in legal science. In 1996, she graduated in law from the University of Adam Mickiewicz, and in 1997 a gained her master’s degree in economics, organisation, and management in agriculture at the Agricultural University of August Cieszkowski in Poznań. On 30 June 2004, she defended her doctoral dissertation on the legal organisation of the sugar market. On 10 July 2020, she obtained her habilitation based on her monograph entitled “Legal aspects of risk management in agricultural activity” (Poltext Publishing House, Warsaw, ISBN: 978-83-8175-018-9, p. 476). Habilitated doctor Lipińska is a scholarship holder of the Decaban Foundation of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. She has lectured as part of the erasmus program at universities in Spain, Turkiye, Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, the Netherlands, and Italy. xii Contributors Aslı Akıllı: PhD, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Türkiye, ORCID: 00000003-3879-710X. Aslı Akıllı is an assistant professor in the Agriculture Economics Department at Kırşehir Ahi Evran University. Her research interests are applied statistics, data analysis, and artificial intelligence. Her doctoral dissertation focused on non-linear multivariate fussy regression in agricultural data. She has written SCI articles as well as book chapters and conference presentations. Kürşat Kan: PhD, Selcuk University, ORCID: 0000-0003-2195-2556. Kürşat Kan is an assistant professor at Selçuk University. He received his MA degree in international relations. In addition, He holds a PhD in international relations. His research focuses on globalisation, international security, and international politics. Nataliia Glushanytsia: PhD, National Aviation University, Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0002-8511-0844. Nataliia Glushanytsia is currently working as an associate professor at the Department of Foreign Languages and Translation, National Aviation University. Her research interests include ESP, ICT in education, and aviation English. She defended her doctoral dissertation on aviation maintenance technicians’ language training. She has authored 61 publications including 4 collective monographs, 3 textbooks, and 3 Scopusindexed articles. Tetyana Tarnavska: PhD, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0002-7397-6181. Tetyana Tarnavska is an associate professor at the Department of Foreign Languages for Mathematical Faculties at Taras Shevchenko National University in Kyiv. Her research interests include sociology, ICT in education, ESP, and aviation English. She worked at the Aviation National University for 20 years and defended her doctoral dissertation on emergency communication in aviation. She has authored 116 publications, including one sole author monography, 11 textbooks, 2 Scopus-indexed articles, and an e-book. Challenges and Opportunities of the Ambiguous Post-Pandemic World xiii Merve Suna Özel Özcan: PhD, Kırıkkale University, FEAS, Department of International Relations, ORCID: 0000-0001-9027-3990. Özel Özcan is an assistant professor at Kırıkkale University (KKU) and currently heads the Department of International Relations at KKU. She graduated from the Department of International Relations and attained a double-major from the Department of History at Gazi University, Ankara. She gained her master’s degree in political and social science from Gazi University. She completed her PhD in KKU’s International Relations program. Her research interests include the great powers, energy, and the international relations of Eurasia. She has published about empires, the great powers and Russia, the post-Cold War era, and energy politics. Emine Erden Kaya: PhD, Gazi University, Turkiye, ORCID: 0000-00021225-2382. Erden Kaya is an assistant professor and currently a member of the Political Science and Public Administration Department at Amasya University. She graduated from the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Girne American University. She gained her master’s degree in political and social science at Gazi University. She completed her PhD in the Politics and Social Sciences program at Gazi University. Her research interests are comparative politics and ideologies. She has published about racism, Islamophobia, ethnic conflicts and the West, and rest dichotomy.