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vos

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vos"

Languages (25)

Afrikaans • Aragonese • Catalan • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Fala • Franco-Provençal • French • Galician • Icelandic • Interlingua • Ladino • Latin • Lithuanian • Middle Dutch • Occitan • Old French • Old Occitan • Piedmontese • Portuguese • Sardinian • Slovene • Spanish • Walloon

Page categories

Afrikaans

Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /fɔs/
Audio: (file)

Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

skoolvos

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
(to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

tos

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Central) IPA^(key): /bus/ (always unstressed)
(Balearic) IPA^(key): /vus/ (always unstressed)
(Valencia) IPA^(key): /vos/ (always unstressed)

Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

you (plural, direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

-vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

Declension

More information strong/subject, weak (direct object) ...

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
			strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
			strong/subject	proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic	possessive
singular	1st person	standard	jo, mi³	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
	1st person	majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
		formal¹	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
		very formal²	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
	3rd person	m	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
		f	ella	la, l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
		n		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
plural
	1st person		nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
	2nd person	formal²	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
	3rd person	m	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
	3rd person	f	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive			si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial	ablative/genitive			en, n’	-ne, ’n
adverbial	locative			hi	-hi

Close

¹ Behaves grammatically as plural. ² Behaves grammatically as third person.
³ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Further reading

“vos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
“vos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
“vos” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvos]

Noun

vos f

genitive plural of vosa

Danish

Pronoun

vos

(dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of os.
- 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:
  Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:
  Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:
  Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dutch

Thumb — Een vos met een prooi. — A fox with a prey.

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vossen

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vos (dier)

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vulpes

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔs/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: vos
Rhymes: -ɔs

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
(particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
fox fur
a crafty, ingenious person
Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.
Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
horse with red or red-brown fur
a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos

Derived terms

Descendants

Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vos

inflection of vossen:
1. first-person singular present indicative
2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
3. imperative

Further reading

“vos” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

Fala

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl

Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
(Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

See also

More information nominative, dative ...

Fala personal pronouns
			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
singular	first person		ei	me, -mi		mi
	second person		tú	te, -ti		ti
	third person	m	el	le, -li	u^LV, o^M	el
	third person	f	ela	le, -li	a	ela
plural	first person	common	nos	mus^L nus^LV nos, -nus^M		nos
		m	noshotrus^M			noshotrus^M
		f	noshotras^M			noshotras^M
	second person	common	vos	vus^LV vos, -vus^M		vos
		m	voshotrus^M			voshotrus^M
		f	voshotras^M			voshotras^M
	third person	m	elis	le, -li	us^LV, os^M	elis
	third person	f	elas	le, -li	as	elas
third person reflexive			—	se, -si		sí

Close

Dialects: ^L Lagarteiru ^M Mañegu ^V Valverdeñu

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

Derived terms

se vos plét

See also

More information singular, nominative ...

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	jo	mè			min
2^nd person	te	tè			tin
3^rd person masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
3^rd person feminine	el	la	lyé
3^rd person neuter	o		y	—
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	nos				noutro
2^nd person	vos				voutro
3^rd person masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
3^rd person feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		² Generally preceded by a definite article.

Close

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

References

vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vo/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -o
Homophones: vaut, vaux, veau, veaux

Determiner

vos pl

plural of votre; your
Vos parents sont très gentils.
Your parents are very nice.

Related terms

More information Possessee, singular ...

			Possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f	plural
Possessor	singular	1^st	mon¹	ma	mes
		2^nd	ton¹	ta	tes
		3^rd	son¹	sa	ses
	plural	1^st	notre		nos
		2^nd	votre²		vos²
		3^rd	leur		leurs

Close

French possessive determiners

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Further reading

“vos”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

Pronoun

vos

inflection of vós:
1. accusative/dative
2. reflexive

Icelandic

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔs/

Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
accusative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
dative	vosi	vosinu	vosum	vosunum
genitive	voss	vossins	vosa	vosanna

Close

Declension of vos (neuter)

References

Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural)

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vos/

Pronoun

vos (Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)

you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
accusative of vozotros
accusative of vozotras

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /u̯oːs/, [u̯oːs̠]

(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /vos/, [vɔs]

Pronoun

vōs

you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.200–202:
  “Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
  accēstis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpēa saxa
  expertī [...].”
  “You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
  (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

Declension of Latin personal pronouns
	first person	second person	reflexive third person	third person				first person	second person	reflexive third person	third person
	singular							plural
	first person	second person	reflexive third person	m	f	n		first person	second person	reflexive third person	m	f	n
nominative	egō̆	tū	—	is	ea	id		nōs	vōs	—	eī iī	eae	ea
genitive	meī	tuī	suī	eius				nostrī nostrum	vestrī vestrum	suī	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
dative	mihī̆	tibī̆	sibi	eī				nōbīs	vōbīs	sibi	eīs
accusative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eum	eam	id		nōs	vōs	sē sēsē	eōs	eās	ea
ablative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eō	eā	eō		nōbīs	vōbīs	sē sēsē	eīs
vocative	egō	tū	—					nōs	vōs	—

Close

Derived terms

Descendants

Aromanian: voi, voauã
Catalan: vós, vosaltres
Dalmatian: vu, voi
Franco-Provençal: vos
Friulian: vô, voaltris
Italian: voi, voialtri
Mirandese: bós
Neapolitan: vuje
Occitan: vos, vosautres
Old French: vos
- Middle French: vous
  - French: vous
- Walloon: vos
Old Galician-Portuguese: vos
- Galician: vós, vosoutros
- Portuguese: vós
Romanian: voi, vouă
Romansch: vus
Sardinian: bosatrus
Sicilian: vui, vuàutri
Spanish: vos, vosotros, os

See also

More information number, person ...

**Latin personal pronouns** together with the possessive and reflexive pronouns
number	person		nominative	genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	possessive
singular	first		ego	meī	mihi	mē		meus, -a, -um
	second		tū	tuī	tibi	tē		tuus, -a, -um
	reflexive third		—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	third	m	is	ēius	eī	eum	eō	ēius
		f	ea			eam	eā
		n	id			id	eō
plural	first		nōs	nostrī, nostrum	nōbīs	nōs	nōbīs	noster, -tra, -trum
	second		vōs	vestrī, vestrum	vōbīs	vōs	vōbīs	vester, -tra, -trum
	reflexive third		—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	third	m	eī, iī	eōrum	eīs	eōs	eīs	eōrum
		f	eae	eārum		eās		eārum
		n	ea	eōrum		ea		eōrum

Close

References

“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
"vos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
vos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
- picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
- not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

Lithuanian

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *(j)edъva (“barely”); see there for more.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [vos]

Adverb

võs (not comparable)

hardly, barely

Derived terms

advos
vos ne vos
vos tik
vos vos

References

[1]
Derksen, Rick (2015) “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

Noun

vos m

fox, red fox

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

vossinne

Descendants

Dutch: vos
- Afrikaans: vos
- Jersey Dutch: vośe
- Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj

Further reading

“vos”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “vos”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

vos

to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

Old French

Alternative forms

vous
vus

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Pronoun

vos

you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
- c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:
  Que vos puissiez cest blasme estaindre
  That you may be able to get rid of this blame
your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
  qant je vos voi de tel meniere
  when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Middle French: vous
- French: vous
Walloon: vos

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural or polite form)

Descendants

Occitan: vos

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

vus

Etymology

From Latin vōx.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Noun

vos f (plural vos)

voice

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /vus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /vos/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /buʃ/

Hyphenation: vos

Pronoun

vos

objective of vós
É por isso que vos digo que...
That is why I tell you (all) that...

See also

More information Portuguese personal pronouns, Number ...

Portuguese personal pronouns
Number	Person	Nominative (subject)		Accusative (direct object)		Dative (indirect object)	Prepositional		Prepositional with com		Non-declining
Number	Person	m	f	m	f	m and f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Singular	First	eu		me			mim		comigo
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		você
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		o senhor	a senhora
	Third	ele	ela	o (lo, no)	a (la, na)	lhe	ele	ela	com ele	com ela	o mesmo	a mesma
	Third	ele	ela	se			si		consigo		o mesmo	a mesma
Plural	First	nós		nos			nós		connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)		a gente
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		vocês
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		os senhores	as senhoras
	Third	eles	elas	os (los, nos)	as (las, nas)	lhes	eles	elas	com eles	com elas	os mesmos	as mesmas
	Third	eles	elas	se			si		consigo		os mesmos	as mesmas
Indefinite				se			si		consigo

Close

Sardinian

Alternative forms

bos

Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)

you (plural), ye
Synonyms: vois, vosateros

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋóːs/

Noun

vọ̑s m inan

(obsolete) hair
(obsolete) moustache

Further reading

“vos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

(archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.
(please add an English translation of this usage example)
(parts of Latin America, Chavacano-speaking areas in the Philippines) a form of you, singular
Synonym: tú

Derived terms

Descendants

Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

See also

More information nominative, dative ...

				nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular			yo	me		mí¹
	plural	masculine²		nosotros	nos		nosotros
	plural	feminine		nosotras	nos		nosotras
second person	singular	tuteo		tú	te		ti¹
		voseo		vos	te		vos
		formal³		usted	le, se⁴	lo/la⁵	usted
	plural	familiar⁶	masculine²	vosotros	os		vosotros
		familiar⁶	feminine	vosotras	os		vosotras
		formal/general³		ustedes	les, se⁴	los/las⁵	ustedes
third person	singular	masculine²		él	le, se⁴	lo	él
		feminine		ella		la	ella
		neuter		ello⁷		lo	ello
	plural	masculine²		ellos	les, se⁴	los	ellos
	plural	feminine		ellas	les, se⁴	las	ellas
	reflexive			—	se		sí¹

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Spanish personal pronouns

Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
Used primarily in Spain
Used only in rare circumstances

Further reading

“vos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Walloon

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔ/

Pronoun

vos

you (singular)
you (plural)

Synonyms

(plural): vozôtes

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