lingana - Wikiwand

Fanagalo

Etymology

From Zulu -lingana, from Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

lingana

to be equal to

Swahili

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Verb

-lingana (infinitive kulingana)

Reciprocal form of -linga: to be equal, to be similar
to proclaim (especially a proclamation to God)

Conjugation

More information Conjugation of, Positive present ...

Conjugation of -lingana

Positive present	-nalingana
Subjunctive	-lingane
Negative	-lingani
Imperative singular	lingana

Infinitives

Positive	kulingana
Negative	kutolingana

Imperatives

Singular	lingana
Plural	linganeni

Tensed forms

Habitual	hulingana
Positive past	positive subject concord + -lilingana
Negative past	negative subject concord + -kulingana

Positive present (positive subject concord + -nalingana)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ninalingana/nalingana	tunalingana
2nd person		unalingana	mnalingana
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	analingana	wanalingana
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -nalingana

Negative present (negative subject concord + -lingani)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		silingani	hatulingani
2nd person		hulingani	hamlingani
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	halingani	hawalingani
3rd person	other classes	negative subject concord + -lingani

Positive future	positive subject concord + -talingana
Negative future	negative subject concord + -talingana

Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -lingane)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nilingane	tulingane
2nd person		ulingane	mlingane
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	alingane	walingane
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -lingane

Negative subjunctive	positive subject concord + -silingane
Positive present conditional	positive subject concord + -ngelingana
Negative present conditional	positive subject concord + -singelingana
Positive past conditional	positive subject concord + -ngalilingana
Negative past conditional	positive subject concord + -singalilingana

Gnomic (positive subject concord + -alingana)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nalingana	twalingana
2nd person		walingana	mwalingana
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	alingana	walingana
	m-mi_(III/IV)	walingana	yalingana
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	lalingana	yalingana
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	chalingana	vyalingana
	n_(IX/X)	yalingana	zalingana
	u_(XI)	walingana	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	kwalingana
	pa_(XVI)	palingana
	mu_(XVIII)	mwalingana

Perfect	positive subject concord + -melingana
"Already"	positive subject concord + -meshalingana
"Not yet"	negative subject concord + -jalingana
"If/When"	positive subject concord + -kilingana
"If not"	positive subject concord + -sipolingana
Consecutive	kalingana / positive subject concord + -kalingana
Consecutive subjunctive	positive subject concord + -kalingane
Object concord	—

Relative forms

General positive (positive subject concord + -lingana- + relative marker)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-linganaye	-linganao
m-mi_(III/IV)	-linganao	-linganayo
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-linganalo	-linganayo
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-linganacho	-linganavyo
n_(IX/X)	-linganayo	-linganazo
u_(XI)	-linganao	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-linganako
pa_(XVI)	-linganapo
mu_(XVIII)	-linganamo

Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + -lingana)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-yelingana	-olingana
m-mi_(III/IV)	-olingana	-yolingana
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-lolingana	-yolingana
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-cholingana	-vyolingana
n_(IX/X)	-yolingana	-zolingana
u_(XI)	-olingana	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-kolingana
pa_(XVI)	-polingana
mu_(XVIII)	-molingana

Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Swazi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-língana

(intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-língana

(intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-lingana

(intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]
(intransitive) to be balanced, level, even
(intransitive) to fit, to suit
(intransitive) to suffice

Inflection

More information Tone L, Infinitive ...

Tone L
Infinitive	ukulingana
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukulingana	ukungalingani
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	lingana	-lingane
Plural	linganani	-linganeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyalingana, ngilingana	engilinganayo, engilingana	ngilingana	angilingani	engingalingani	ngingalingani
2nd singular	uyalingana, ulingana	olinganayo, olingana	ulingana	awulingani	ongalingani	ungalingani
1st plural	siyalingana, silingana	esilinganayo, esilingana	silingana	asilingani	esingalingani	singalingani
2nd plural	niyalingana, nilingana	enilinganayo, enilingana	nilingana	anilingani	eningalingani	ningalingani
Class 1	uyalingana, ulingana	olinganayo, olingana	elingana	akalingani	ongalingani	engalingani
Class 2	bayalingana, balingana	abalinganayo, abalingana	belingana	abalingani	abangalingani	bengalingani
Class 3	uyalingana, ulingana	olinganayo, olingana	ulingana	awulingani	ongalingani	ungalingani
Class 4	iyalingana, ilingana	elinganayo, elingana	ilingana	ayilingani	engalingani	ingalingani
Class 5	liyalingana, lilingana	elilinganayo, elilingana	lilingana	alilingani	elingalingani	lingalingani
Class 6	ayalingana, alingana	alinganayo, alingana	elingana	awalingani	angalingani	engalingani
Class 7	siyalingana, silingana	esilinganayo, esilingana	silingana	asilingani	esingalingani	singalingani
Class 8	ziyalingana, zilingana	ezilinganayo, ezilingana	zilingana	azilingani	ezingalingani	zingalingani
Class 9	iyalingana, ilingana	elinganayo, elingana	ilingana	ayilingani	engalingani	ingalingani
Class 10	ziyalingana, zilingana	ezilinganayo, ezilingana	zilingana	azilingani	ezingalingani	zingalingani
Class 11	luyalingana, lulingana	olulinganayo, olulingana	lulingana	alulingani	olungalingani	lungalingani
Class 14	buyalingana, bulingana	obulinganayo, obulingana	bulingana	abulingani	obungalingani	bungalingani
Class 15	kuyalingana, kulingana	okulinganayo, okulingana	kulingana	akulingani	okungalingani	kungalingani
Class 17	kuyalingana, kulingana	okulinganayo, okulingana	kulingana	akulingani	okungalingani	kungalingani
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngilinganile, ngilinganē	engilinganile, engilinganē	ngilinganile, ngilinganē	angilingananga	engingalingananga	ngingalingananga
2nd singular	ulinganile, ulinganē	olinganile, olinganē	ulinganile, ulinganē	awulingananga	ongalingananga	ungalingananga
1st plural	silinganile, silinganē	esilinganile, esilinganē	silinganile, silinganē	asilingananga	esingalingananga	singalingananga
2nd plural	nilinganile, nilinganē	enilinganile, enilinganē	nilinganile, nilinganē	anilingananga	eningalingananga	ningalingananga
Class 1	ulinganile, ulinganē	olinganile, olinganē	elinganile, elinganē	akalingananga	ongalingananga	engalingananga
Class 2	balinganile, balinganē	abalinganile, abalinganē	belinganile, belinganē	abalingananga	abangalingananga	bengalingananga
Class 3	ulinganile, ulinganē	olinganile, olinganē	ulinganile, ulinganē	awulingananga	ongalingananga	ungalingananga
Class 4	ilinganile, ilinganē	elinganile, elinganē	ilinganile, ilinganē	ayilingananga	engalingananga	ingalingananga
Class 5	lilinganile, lilinganē	elilinganile, elilinganē	lilinganile, lilinganē	alilingananga	elingalingananga	lingalingananga
Class 6	alinganile, alinganē	alinganile, alinganē	elinganile, elinganē	awalingananga	angalingananga	engalingananga
Class 7	silinganile, silinganē	esilinganile, esilinganē	silinganile, silinganē	asilingananga	esingalingananga	singalingananga
Class 8	zilinganile, zilinganē	ezilinganile, ezilinganē	zilinganile, zilinganē	azilingananga	ezingalingananga	zingalingananga
Class 9	ilinganile, ilinganē	elinganile, elinganē	ilinganile, ilinganē	ayilingananga	engalingananga	ingalingananga
Class 10	zilinganile, zilinganē	ezilinganile, ezilinganē	zilinganile, zilinganē	azilingananga	ezingalingananga	zingalingananga
Class 11	lulinganile, lulinganē	olulinganile, olulinganē	lulinganile, lulinganē	alulingananga	olungalingananga	lungalingananga
Class 14	bulinganile, bulinganē	obulinganile, obulinganē	bulinganile, bulinganē	abulingananga	obungalingananga	bungalingananga
Class 15	kulinganile, kulinganē	okulinganile, okulinganē	kulinganile, kulinganē	akulingananga	okungalingananga	kungalingananga
Class 17	kulinganile, kulinganē	okulinganile, okulinganē	kulinganile, kulinganē	akulingananga	okungalingananga	kungalingananga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngālingana	engālingana	ngālingana	angilingananga	engingalingananga	ngingalingananga
2nd singular	wālingana	owālingana	wālingana	awulingananga	ongalingananga	ungalingananga
1st plural	sālingana	esālingana	sālingana	asilingananga	esingalingananga	singalingananga
2nd plural	nālingana	enālingana	nālingana	anilingananga	eningalingananga	ningalingananga
Class 1	wālingana	owālingana	ālingana	akalingananga	ongalingananga	engalingananga
Class 2	bālingana	abālingana	bālingana	abalingananga	abangalingananga	bengalingananga
Class 3	wālingana	owālingana	wālingana	awulingananga	ongalingananga	ungalingananga
Class 4	yālingana	eyālingana	yālingana	ayilingananga	engalingananga	ingalingananga
Class 5	lālingana	elālingana	lālingana	alilingananga	elingalingananga	lingalingananga
Class 6	ālingana	ālingana	ālingana	awalingananga	angalingananga	engalingananga
Class 7	sālingana	esālingana	sālingana	asilingananga	esingalingananga	singalingananga
Class 8	zālingana	ezālingana	zālingana	azilingananga	ezingalingananga	zingalingananga
Class 9	yālingana	eyālingana	yālingana	ayilingananga	engalingananga	ingalingananga
Class 10	zālingana	ezālingana	zālingana	azilingananga	ezingalingananga	zingalingananga
Class 11	lwālingana	olwālingana	lwālingana	alulingananga	olungalingananga	lungalingananga
Class 14	bālingana	obālingana	bālingana	abulingananga	obungalingananga	bungalingananga
Class 15	kwālingana	okwālingana	kwālingana	akulingananga	okungalingananga	kungalingananga
Class 17	kwālingana	okwālingana	kwālingana	akulingananga	okungalingananga	kungalingananga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingalingana	—	ngingalingana	ngingelingane	—	ngingelingane
2nd singular	ungalingana	—	ungalingana	ungelingane	—	ungelingane
1st plural	singalingana	—	singalingana	singelingane	—	singelingane
2nd plural	ningalingana	—	ningalingana	ningelingane	—	ningelingane
Class 1	angalingana	—	engalingana	angelingane	—	engelingane
Class 2	bangalingana	—	bengalingana	bangelingane	—	bengelingane
Class 3	ungalingana	—	ungalingana	ungelingane	—	ungelingane
Class 4	ingalingana	—	ingalingana	ingelingane	—	ingelingane
Class 5	lingalingana	—	lingalingana	lingelingane	—	lingelingane
Class 6	angalingana	—	engalingana	angelingane	—	engelingane
Class 7	singalingana	—	singalingana	singelingane	—	singelingane
Class 8	zingalingana	—	zingalingana	zingelingane	—	zingelingane
Class 9	ingalingana	—	ingalingana	ingelingane	—	ingelingane
Class 10	zingalingana	—	zingalingana	zingelingane	—	zingelingane
Class 11	lungalingana	—	lungalingana	lungelingane	—	lungelingane
Class 14	bungalingana	—	bungalingana	bungelingane	—	bungelingane
Class 15	kungalingana	—	kungalingana	kungelingane	—	kungelingane
Class 17	kungalingana	—	kungalingana	kungelingane	—	kungelingane
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizolingana	engizolingana	ngizolingana	angizulingana	engingezulingana	ngingezulingana
2nd singular	uzolingana	ozolingana	uzolingana	awuzulingana	ongezulingana	ungezulingana
1st plural	sizolingana	esizolingana	sizolingana	asizulingana	esingezulingana	singezulingana
2nd plural	nizolingana	enizolingana	nizolingana	anizulingana	eningezulingana	ningezulingana
Class 1	uzolingana	ozolingana	ezolingana	akazulingana	ongezulingana	engezulingana
Class 2	bazolingana	abazolingana	bezolingana	abazulingana	abangezulingana	bengezulingana
Class 3	uzolingana	ozolingana	uzolingana	awuzulingana	ongezulingana	ungezulingana
Class 4	izolingana	ezolingana	izolingana	ayizulingana	engezulingana	ingezulingana
Class 5	lizolingana	elizolingana	lizolingana	alizulingana	elingezulingana	lingezulingana
Class 6	azolingana	azolingana	ezolingana	awazulingana	angezulingana	engezulingana
Class 7	sizolingana	esizolingana	sizolingana	asizulingana	esingezulingana	singezulingana
Class 8	zizolingana	ezizolingana	zizolingana	azizulingana	ezingezulingana	zingezulingana
Class 9	izolingana	ezolingana	izolingana	ayizulingana	engezulingana	ingezulingana
Class 10	zizolingana	ezizolingana	zizolingana	azizulingana	ezingezulingana	zingezulingana
Class 11	luzolingana	oluzolingana	luzolingana	aluzulingana	olungezulingana	lungezulingana
Class 14	buzolingana	obuzolingana	buzolingana	abuzulingana	obungezulingana	bungezulingana
Class 15	kuzolingana	okuzolingana	kuzolingana	akuzulingana	okungezulingana	kungezulingana
Class 17	kuzolingana	okuzolingana	kuzolingana	akuzulingana	okungezulingana	kungezulingana
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyolingana	engiyolingana	ngiyolingana	angiyulingana	engingeyulingana	ngingeyulingana
2nd singular	uyolingana	oyolingana	uyolingana	awuyulingana	ongeyulingana	ungeyulingana
1st plural	siyolingana	esiyolingana	siyolingana	asiyulingana	esingeyulingana	singeyulingana
2nd plural	niyolingana	eniyolingana	niyolingana	aniyulingana	eningeyulingana	ningeyulingana
Class 1	uyolingana	oyolingana	eyolingana	akayulingana	ongeyulingana	engeyulingana
Class 2	bayolingana	abayolingana	beyolingana	abayulingana	abangeyulingana	bengeyulingana
Class 3	uyolingana	oyolingana	uyolingana	awuyulingana	ongeyulingana	ungeyulingana
Class 4	iyolingana	eyolingana	iyolingana	ayiyulingana	engeyulingana	ingeyulingana
Class 5	liyolingana	eliyolingana	liyolingana	aliyulingana	elingeyulingana	lingeyulingana
Class 6	ayolingana	ayolingana	eyolingana	awayulingana	angeyulingana	engeyulingana
Class 7	siyolingana	esiyolingana	siyolingana	asiyulingana	esingeyulingana	singeyulingana
Class 8	ziyolingana	eziyolingana	ziyolingana	aziyulingana	ezingeyulingana	zingeyulingana
Class 9	iyolingana	eyolingana	iyolingana	ayiyulingana	engeyulingana	ingeyulingana
Class 10	ziyolingana	eziyolingana	ziyolingana	aziyulingana	ezingeyulingana	zingeyulingana
Class 11	luyolingana	oluyolingana	luyolingana	aluyulingana	olungeyulingana	lungeyulingana
Class 14	buyolingana	obuyolingana	buyolingana	abuyulingana	obungeyulingana	bungeyulingana
Class 15	kuyolingana	okuyolingana	kuyolingana	akuyulingana	okungeyulingana	kungeyulingana
Class 17	kuyolingana	okuyolingana	kuyolingana	akuyulingana	okungeyulingana	kungeyulingana
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngilingane	ngingalingani
2nd singular	ulingane	ungalingani
1st plural	silingane	singalingani
2nd plural	nilingane	ningalingani
Class 1	alingane	angalingani
Class 2	balingane	bangalingani
Class 3	ulingane	ungalingani
Class 4	ilingane	ingalingani
Class 5	lilingane	lingalingani
Class 6	alingane	angalingani
Class 7	silingane	singalingani
Class 8	zilingane	zingalingani
Class 9	ilingane	ingalingani
Class 10	zilingane	zingalingani
Class 11	lulingane	lungalingani
Class 14	bulingane	bungalingani
Class 15	kulingane	kungalingani
Class 17	kulingane	kungalingani
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngalingana	ngangalingana, angalingana, angangalingana
2nd singular	walingana	wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
1st plural	salingana	sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana
2nd plural	nalingana	nangalingana, analingana, anangalingana
Class 1	walingana	wangalingana, akalingana, akangalingana
Class 2	balingana	bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana
Class 3	walingana	wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
Class 4	yalingana	yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana
Class 5	lalingana	langalingana, alalingana, alangalingana
Class 6	alingana	angalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
Class 7	salingana	sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana
Class 8	zalingana	zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana
Class 9	yalingana	yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana
Class 10	zalingana	zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana
Class 11	lwalingana	lwangalingana, alwalingana, alwangalingana
Class 14	balingana	bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana
Class 15	kwalingana	kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana
Class 17	kwalingana	kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “lingana”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “lingana (3.2.9, ukulingana, 6.6.3.9.9)”

Wikiwand in your browser!

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.

Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.

Wikiwand for Chrome

Wikiwand for Edge

Wikiwand for Firefox