-la
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "la"
Pronunciation
Suffix
More information preceding vowel, A / I / O / U ...
Close
-la
- Form of -lə after the vowels A / I / O / U.
Derived terms
See -lə.
Etymology 1
Alternative forms
- -ela (in certain environments, see usage notes)
Conjunction
-la
- that
- Erantzuna dakizula uste dut. ― I think that you know the answer.
- while, as
- Menditik nenbilela istripu bat izan nuen. ― I had an accident while hiking on the mountains.
Usage notes
The form taken by this clitic depends on the ending of the verbal form to which it is attached.
- In verb forms ending with -ke, the result is -keela. Forms like naitekela are nonstandard but widespread.
- naiteke (“I can”) + -la → naitekeela (“that I can”).
- In verb forms ending with -n (excluding second-person singular informal feminine forms, see below), the -n is removed.
- nintzen (“I was”) + -la → nintzela (“that I was”).
- In verb forms ending with -t, the result is -dala.
- dakit (“I know it”) + -la → dakidala (“that I know it”).
- In second-person singular informal forms, the endings in -k or -n become -ala and -nala respectively.
- In verb forms ending in -u where the ending is not related to the -gu, -zu person markers, the result is -uela.
- ditu (“he has them”) + -la → dituela (“that he has them”).
- In auxiliary forms ending in -a the ending becomes -ela.
- dira (“they are”) + -la → direla (“that they are”).
- All other forms ending in a vowel take the suffix -la and those ending in -z the variant -ela.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Unknown, perhaps related to the allative suffix -ra.[1]
Suffix
-la
- Used to form adverbs from interrogative and demonstrative pronouns/determiners.
Derived terms
References
- “-la” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
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Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognate with Finnish -la.
Suffix
-la (genitive -la, partitive -lat)
- Forms nouns that signify a place.
Inflection
More information Declension of (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation), singular ...
| Declension of -la (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -la | -lad | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -la | ||
| genitive | -late | ||
| partitive | -lat | -laid | |
| illative | -lasse | -latesse -laisse | |
| inessive | -las | -lates -lais | |
| elative | -last | -latest -laist | |
| allative | -lale | -latele -laile | |
| adessive | -lal | -latel -lail | |
| ablative | -lalt | -latelt -lailt | |
| translative | -laks | -lateks -laiks | |
| terminative | -lani | -lateni | |
| essive | -lana | -latena | |
| abessive | -lata | -lateta | |
| comitative | -laga | -latega | |
Close
Derived terms
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-la, from Proto-Finno-Ugric [Term?]. Cognate with Estonian -la.
Suffix
-la (front vowel harmony variant -lä, linguistic notation -lA)
- Forms nouns that signify a place, such as an abode, a house, a land of, etc. Often denotes a farm in many place names.
- Forms some nouns or adjectives, originally with a diminutive meaning.
Usage notes
Declension
More information nominative, genitive ...
| Inflection of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -la | -lat | |
| genitive | -lan | -loiden -loitten | |
| partitive | -laa | -loita | |
| illative | -laan | -loihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -la | -lat | |
| accusative | nom. | -la | -lat |
| gen. | -lan | ||
| genitive | -lan | -loiden -loitten -lain rare | |
| partitive | -laa | -loita | |
| inessive | -lassa | -loissa | |
| elative | -lasta | -loista | |
| illative | -laan | -loihin | |
| adessive | -lalla | -loilla | |
| ablative | -lalta | -loilta | |
| allative | -lalle | -loille | |
| essive | -lana | -loina | |
| translative | -laksi | -loiksi | |
| abessive | -latta | -loitta | |
| instructive | — | -loin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
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More information first-person singular possessor, singular ...
| Possessive forms of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
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Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognates include Finnish -la and Estonian -la.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-la (front vowel variant -lä)
- Used to form place names.
- (name) Soikko + -la → Soikkola
- Used to form nouns signifying a place.
Declension
More information Declension of (type 3/kana, no gradation), singular ...
| Declension of -la (type 3/kana, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -la | -lat |
| genitive | -lan | -loin |
| partitive | -laa | -loja |
| illative | -laa | -loihe |
| inessive | -laas | -lois |
| elative | -last | -loist |
| allative | -lalle | -loille |
| adessive | -laal | -loil |
| ablative | -lalt | -loilt |
| translative | -laks | -loiks |
| essive | -lanna, -laan | -loinna, -loin |
| exessive1) | -lant | -loint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Close
Derived terms
References
- A. V. Krjukov (2018) “К этимологии топонима Сойкино/Soikkola”, in Притяжение Севера: язык, литература, социум. Ч. 1: материалы I Международной научно-практической конференции, pages 531-542
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Pronoun
-la
- (enclitic) Alternative form of la
Usage notes
- Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to derive accusative forms when the object is third singular feminine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :
Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:
- introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurla (“to introduce her”)
In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -la.
Anagrams
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Suffix
-la
- Used to form verbs with a perfective meaning
- doari (“to be finished”) + -la → doarila (“to have finished”)
- mwehlehl (“to be dizzy”) + -la → mwehlehlla (“to be unconcious”)
Derived terms
References
- Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977
Pronunciation
Suffix
-la
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *-lōną.
Suffix
-la
- frequentative verbal suffix
Conjugation
More information infinitive, present participle ...
| infinitive | -la | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | -landi | |
| past participle | -laðr | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | -la | -laða |
| 2nd-person singular | -lar | -laðir |
| 3rd-person singular | -lar | -laði |
| 1st-person plural | -lum | -luðum |
| 2nd-person plural | -lið | -luðuð |
| 3rd-person plural | -la | -luðu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | -la | -laða |
| 2nd-person singular | -lir | -laðir |
| 3rd-person singular | -li | -laði |
| 1st-person plural | -lim | -laðim |
| 2nd-person plural | -lið | -laðið |
| 3rd-person plural | -li | -laði |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | -la | |
| 1st-person plural | -lum | |
| 2nd-person plural | -lið | |
Close
Conjugation of -la — active (weak class 2)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix).
Suffix
-la f (strong masculine -ill)
Declension
More information feminine, singular ...
| feminine | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | -la | -lan | -lur | -lurnar |
| accusative | -lu | -luna | -lur | -lurnar |
| dative | -lu | -lunni | -lum | -lunum |
| genitive | -lu | -lunnar | -lna | -lnanna |
Close
Declension of -la (weak ōn-stem)
Etymology 3
Suffix
-la
Pronoun
-la (first person plural nominative, bound form of nganaṉa)
- we (3 or more people)
Usage notes
Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.
Related terms
More information Singular, Dual ...
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa |
ngali (we two) Bound form: -li |
nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la |
| Second person | nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n |
nyupali (you two) | nyura (you, more than two) |
| Third person | paluṟu (he/she/it) | pula (they two) | tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya |
Close
Preposition
-la
- at, on, in, near, with, etc. for proper nouns that end with a vowel. The equivalent of -ngka, and -ta.
- an ending that you use before -kutu and -nguru with proper nouns.
Usage notes
This preposition is added to the end of the proper noun. Sometimes a helper vowel can be added before -la to make it end with a vowel. -ta should be used instead if the word ends with n or l.
Suffix
-la
- Makes "la" class verbs into commands.
Usage notes
It is added to the end of the verb stem (of the last verb in the series if there is a series of verbs in the command). Sometimes the pronoun -ya can be added after -la, this makes the command addressed to a group of people. Here that pronoun means second person plural instead of third person.
Etymology 1
From Ottoman Turkish ـله (-la, -le), from Proto-Turkic *-la.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-la
- with, shortened form of ile
- babamla okula gidiyorum
- I am going to school with my father
- babamla okula gidiyorum
- by, shortened form of ile
- okula kaykayla gidiyorum
- I am going to school by skateboard
- okula kaykayla gidiyorum
Usage notes
- If the word's last vowel is a front vowel (e, i, ö, ü), the ending becomes -le.
- annemle / trenle - with my mother / by train
- kuzenimle - with my cousin
- gözünle / troleybüsle - with your eye / by trolley bus
- If the word ends in a vowel, the ending becomes -yla, or after front vowel, -yle.
- arabayla - by car
- korkuyla - with fear
- gemiyle - by ship
- sevgiyle - with love
- If the ending is added to a proper noun, it must be used with an apostrophe.
- Unlike most Turkish suffixes, this suffix is always unstressed; the stress in the combined word remains where it was in the word before suffixing.
- When -yla is added to a word ending in the back vowel "ı", the latter is raised to the front vowel "i" in the pronunciation; for example, the word dolayısıyla ("consequently") is pronounced as if it were dolayısiyla, thus violating the usual vowel harmony. This change in pronunciation is not reflected in the orthography.
Etymology 2
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـلا (-la).
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-la
- A suffix creating verbs from nouns.
- parmak (“finger”) + -la → parmaklamak (“to poke”)
- sabah (“morning”) + -la → sabahlamak (“to stay awake till morning, spend a night”)
- ter (“sweat”) + -la → terlemek (“to sweat”)
- A suffix added to foreign verbs to create verb stems and allow for conjugation.
- favlamak ("to fave"), likelamak ("to like"), ghostlamak ("to ghost"), winlemek ("to win"), pushlamak ("to push"), burstlemek ("to burst"), etc.
Suffix
-la
- Appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun.
Alternative forms
- -ra (less common)
Etymology
Unknown (per Sandman).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-la
- (after nouns) from; indicates the source of an action.
- aga dadada gguan-la lai-lio.
- Elder brother just came from the temple.
- (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 60)
- gunse-la ha-lai-gu-ge-lio ze-li.
- S/he was dismissed from the company.
- (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 60)
- (after verbs) if, when; indicates that the action of the verb is conditional, hypothetical, or set in the future.
- rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.
- As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.
- (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 114)
Derived terms
References
- Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
- Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN
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