-ja
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"
Suffix
-ja
- (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.
Derived terms
Related terms
Anagrams
Pronunciation
Pronoun
-ja (personal, nominative case)
- (enclitic) Alternative form of a
Related terms
Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
Suffix
-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)
- -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones
Declension
| Declension of -ja (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ja | -jad | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -ja | ||
| genitive | -jate | ||
| partitive | -jat | -jaid | |
| illative | -jasse | -jatesse -jaisse | |
| inessive | -jas | -jates -jais | |
| elative | -jast | -jatest -jaist | |
| allative | -jale | -jatele -jaile | |
| adessive | -jal | -jatel -jail | |
| ablative | -jalt | -jatelt -jailt | |
| translative | -jaks | -jateks -jaiks | |
| terminative | -jani | -jateni | |
| essive | -jana | -jatena | |
| abessive | -jata | -jateta | |
| comitative | -jaga | -jatega | |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-ja
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Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)
- Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er
Usage notes
- If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.
- juokse- + -ja → juoksija
- näyttele- + -ja → näyttelijä
Declension
The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (derivatives of type 62 verbs (voida) are an exception, however).
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten | |
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | |
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat |
| gen. | -jan | ||
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten -jain rare | |
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | |
| inessive | -jassa | -joissa | |
| elative | -jasta | -joista | |
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | |
| adessive | -jalla | -joilla | |
| ablative | -jalta | -joilta | |
| allative | -jalle | -joille | |
| essive | -jana | -joina | |
| translative | -jaksi | -joiksi | |
| abessive | -jatta | -joitta | |
| instructive | — | -join | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira).
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| genitive | -jan | -jien | |
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | |
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | |
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat |
| gen. | -jan | ||
| genitive | -jan | -jien -jain rare | |
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | |
| inessive | -jassa | -jissa | |
| elative | -jasta | -jista | |
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | |
| adessive | -jalla | -jilla | |
| ablative | -jalta | -jilta | |
| allative | -jalle | -jille | |
| essive | -jana | -jina | |
| translative | -jaksi | -jiksi | |
| abessive | -jatta | -jitta | |
| instructive | — | -jin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
See also
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Affix
-ja
- Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.
Romanization
-ja
- Romanization of -𐌾𐌰
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -ja | — |
| accusative | -ját | — |
| dative | -jának | — |
| instrumental | -jával | — |
| causal-final | -jáért | — |
| translative | -jává | — |
| terminative | -jáig | — |
| essive-formal | -jaként | — |
| essive-modal | -jául | — |
| inessive | -jában | — |
| superessive | -ján | — |
| adessive | -jánál | — |
| illative | -jába | — |
| sublative | -jára | — |
| allative | -jához | — |
| elative | -jából | — |
| delative | -járól | — |
| ablative | -jától | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-jáé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-jáéi | — |
Suffix
-ja
- (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
- in indicative mood
- tud (“to know”) + -ja → tudja (“he/she knows”)
- Tudja, hogy mit akar. ― He/she knows what he/she wants.
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)
- tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)
- in subjunctive (imperative) mood
- megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)
- tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)
- in indicative mood
Usage notes
- (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
Present tense definite – personal endings
| Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | ||
| long form | -jad | -jed | ||
| ő maga / ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -je | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | |
| ők maguk / önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | |||
| s sz z dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | |||
| st szt |
The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | |||
| long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | |||
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | |||
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
See also
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Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er
- kirjuttaa (“to write”) + -ja → kirjuttaja (“writer”)
Usage notes
- In the Soikkola dialect, bisyllabic verb stems followed by -ja do not get CVCVCV > CVCCVVCV gemination.
Declension
| Declension of -Vja (type 3/koira, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -Vja | -Vjat |
| genitive | -Vjan | -Vjiin |
| partitive | -Vjaa | -Vjia |
| illative | -Vjaa | -Vjii |
| inessive | -Vjas | -Vjis |
| elative | -Vjast | -Vjist |
| allative | -Vjalle | -Vjille |
| adessive | -Vjal | -Vjil |
| ablative | -Vjalt | -Vjilt |
| translative | -Vjaks | -Vjiks |
| essive | -Vjanna, -Vjaan | -Vjinna, -Vjiin |
| exessive1) | -Vjant | -Vjint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
After the vowel -i-:
| Declension of -ija (type 3/kana, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -ija | -ijat |
| genitive | -ijan | -ijoin |
| partitive | -ijaa | -ijoja |
| illative | -ijaa | -ijoihe |
| inessive | -ijaas | -ijois |
| elative | -ijast | -ijoist |
| allative | -ijalle | -ijoille |
| adessive | -ijaal | -ijoil |
| ablative | -ijalt | -ijoilt |
| translative | -ijaks | -ijoiks |
| essive | -ijanna, -ijaan | -ijoinna, -ijoin |
| exessive1) | -ijant | -ijoint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
Usage notes
- Used after monosyllabic stems ending in -e- or -i-.
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
See the lemma.
Suffix
-ja
- Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.
Etymology 2
From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).
Suffix
-ja
- Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja
- Alternative form of -a
References
Suffix
-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)
- Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.
See also
| ALIV | -ja |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -ja |
| New Tribes | -ja |
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-ja
- forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?
Usage notes
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2
Suffix
-ja
- expresses complaint about the term it attaches to
References
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