い
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "i"
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Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 以 in the cursive sōsho style.
Pronunciation
Syllable
- The hiragana syllable い (i). Its equivalent in katakana is イ (i). It is the second syllable in the gojūon order; its position is あ行い段 (a-gyō i-dan, “row a, section i”).
See also
Etymology 2
Corruption of emphatic particle よ (yo) or exclamatory particle や (ya).[1]
Particle
- Used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create a familiar effect.
- Used in compounds with certain sentence-ending particles to create an exclamatory effect.
- Used after verbs to create an exclamatory effect.
- 勝手にしろい！
- Katte ni shiroi!
- Have it your way!
- 勝手にしろい！
Etymology 3
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with Korean nominal particle 이 (i).
Used in Old Japanese, still found in use in Chinese works annotated for Japanese readers of Early Middle Japanese in the early Heian period, then becoming more limited and appearing only in specialized Buddhist texts. Fallen into disuse by the late Heian period from the time of so-called “cloistered rule”.[2][3]
Obsolete. Not used in modern Japanese.
Particle
- (obsolete) emphatic subject marker, added to nouns and verb stems
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 3161:
- 在千方 在名草目而 行目友 家有妹伊 将鬱悒
- Arichigata arinagusamete yukamedomo ihe n aru imo i ifukashimi semu
- This beautiful Arichigata. I wish to stop this way And continue to comfort my heart for a short while, but At home, my wife is waiting for me without being carefree. I must hurry on my way.
- 797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 6)
- 京職大夫從三位藤原朝臣麻呂等伊負圖龜一頭獻止
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 12)
- 聞看食國中能東方陸奥國守從五位上百濟王敬福伊部内少田郡仁黄金出在奏弖獻
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 797: Shoku Nihongi (edict 34)
- 然後仁逆心乎以天朝庭乎動傾止之天兵乎備流時仁和氣伊申天在
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (obsolete) emphatic phrase-final particle, emphasizing preceding phrase
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 481:
- 白細之 袖指可倍弖 靡寢 吾黒髪乃 真白髪尓 成極新世尓 共将有跡 玉緒乃 不絶射妹跡 結而石 事者不果 [...]
- Shirotae no sode sashikaete nabikineshi waga kurokami no mashiraga ni naran kiwami aratayo ni tomoni aranto tamanoo no taejii imo to musubiteshi koto wa hatarazu […]
- Till my black hair be white, We shall be together, I and my darling, Sleeping, our sleeves overlapped, She nestling by my side, Bound in never-ending love, Through this new age of our Sovereign; So I vowed, but my word proved false, My hopes were vain. […]
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1359:
- 向岳之 若楓木 下杖取 花待伊間尓 嘆鶴鴨
- Makatsuwo no wakakatsuranoki shitsuetori hanamatsuimani nagekitsurukamo
- Lower branches of a young katsura standing on the opposite peak. It is that I remove them and wait for the flowers to bloom, but throughout this time I feel frustrated and let out a sigh.
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 1851:
- 青柳之 糸乃細紗 春風尓 不乱伊間尓 令視子裳欲得
- Awoyagi no itonokuhashisa harukazeni midarenuimani misemukomogamo
- The beautiful sight of fine willow branches hanging verdantly. I wish I had a girlfriend to show it to together with me at that time when it is never disturbed by the spring breeze.
Derived terms
Etymology 4
An extension of use of the -i ending on adjectives.
Suffix
い • (-i) -i (adverbial く (-ku))
Inflection
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | かろ | karo | |
| Continuative (連用形) | く | ku | |
| Terminal (終止形) | い | i | |
| Attributive (連体形) | い | i | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | けれ | kere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | かれ | kare | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | くない | ku nai | |
| Informal past | かった | katta | |
| Informal negative past | くなかった | ku nakatta | |
| Formal | いです | i desu | |
| Formal negative | くないです | ku nai desu | |
| Formal past | かったです | katta desu | |
| Formal negative past | くなかったです | ku nakatta desu | |
| Conjunctive | くて | kute | |
| Conditional | ければ | kereba | |
| Provisional | かったら | kattara | |
| Volitional | かろう | karō | |
| Adverbial | く | ku | |
| Degree | さ | sa | |
Inflection of いい
Etymology 5
| For pronunciation and definitions of い – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, い (i), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as い, see Category:Japanese kanji read as い.) |
Etymology 6
From various Japonic origins.
| For pronunciation and definitions of い – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, い (i), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as い, see Category:Japanese kanji read as い.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: 汝.)
References
- Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- Kurano, Kenji with Yūkichi Takeda (1958) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Kojiki, Norito, Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Kurano, Kenji (1936) Shoku Nihongi Senmyō (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Man’yōshū 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1999, →ISBN.
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 2: Man’yōshū 2 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2000, →ISBN.
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN.
- Donald Keene (2023 March 25) “The Manyōshū: The Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai Translation of One Thousand Poems with the Texts in Romaji”, in The Japan Society for the Promotion of Scientific Research, Gwern.net (PDF), retrieved 17 June 2023
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