Lecture Series

on

Energy Management (710706) ME-I ( Sem.- I) (Mechanical Engineering)

Lecture 01: Energy Scenario

Prepared & Presented by:

P. R. Mankad
Electrical Engineering Department, Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch
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INTRODUCTION

1. 2. 3.

1.1 Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1. Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also be used directly. Some energy sources have non-energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

COMMERCIAL ENERGY AND NON COMMERCIAL ENERGY

Commercial Energy The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population. Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

COMMERCIAL ENERGY AND NON COMMERCIAL ENERGY

Non-Commercial Energy The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting. Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (See Figure). The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.
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GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY RESERVES

Coal The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 9,84,453 million tones by end of 2003. The USA had the largest share of the global reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%),China (11.6%). India was 4th in the list with8.6%. Oil The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003. Saudi Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost 23%. (One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres) Gas The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176 trillion cubic metres by the end of 2003. The Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost 27%. (*Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004)
P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY RESERVES

World oil and gas reserves are estimated at just 45 years and 65 years respectively. Coal is likely to last a little over 200 years

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

Global Primary Energy Consumption

The global primary energy consumption at the end of 2003 was equivalent to 9741 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).

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Energy Distribution Between Developed and Developing Countries

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Energy Distribution Between Developed and Developing Countries

Although 80 percent of the world's population lies in the developing countries (a fourfold population increase in the past 25 years), their energy consumption amounts to only 40 percent of the world total energy consumption. The high standards of living in the developed countries are attributable to high-energy consumption levels. Also, the rapid population growth in the developing countries has kept the per capita energy consumption low compared with that of highly industrialized developed countries. The world average energy consumption per person is equivalent to 2.2 tonnes of coal. In industrialized countries, people use four to five times more than the world average, and nine times more than the average for the developing countries. An American uses 32 times more commercial energy than an Indian.
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Indian Energy Scenario

Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total primary energy production. Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the share of natural gas in primary energy production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the share of oil in primary energy production from 20% to 17% during the same period.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

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Indian Energy Scenario

Energy Supply Coal Supply India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tonnes of proven recoverable reserves (at the end of 2003). This amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for about 230 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world's proven coal reserves are expected to last only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio. Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that level. India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world. Coal production is concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal).
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Indian Energy Scenario

Oil Supply Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world and will soon overtake Korea as the third largest consumer of oil in Asia after China and Japan. The country's annual crude oil production is peaked at about 32 million tonne as against the current peak demand of about 110 million tonne. India imports 70% of its crude needs mainly from gulf nations. The majority of India's roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil reserves are located in the Bombay High, upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-Godavari. In terms of sector wise petroleum product consumption, transport accounts for 42% followed by domestic and industry with 24% and 24% respectively. India spent more than Rs. 1,10,000 crore on oil imports at the end of 2004.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

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Indian Energy Scenario

Natural Gas Supply Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the country. The current demand for natural gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as against availability of 67 mcmd. By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd. Natural gas reserves are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters. Electrical Energy Supply The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations under utilities was 1,12,581 MW as on 31st May 2004, consisting of 28,860 MWhydro, 77,931 MW - thermal and 2,720 MW- nuclear and 1,869 MW- wind (Ministry of Power). The gross generation of power in the year 2002-2003 stood at 531 billion units (kWh).

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

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Indian Energy Scenario

Nuclear Power Supply Nuclear Power contributes to about 2.4 per cent of electricity generated in India. India has ten nuclear power reactors at five nuclear power stations producing electricity. More nuclear reactors have also been approved for construction.

Hydro Power Supply India is endowed with a vast and viable hydro potential for power generation of which only 15% has been harnessed so far. The share of hydropower in the country's total generated units has steadily decreased and it presently stands at 25% as on 31st May 2004. It is assessed that exploitable potential at 60% load factor is 84,000 MW.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

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INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

Final Energy Consumption Final energy consumption is the actual energy demand at the user end. This is the difference between primary energy consumption and the losses that takes place in transport, transmission & distribution and refinement. The actual final energy consumption (past and projected) is given in Table 1.2.
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INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO

Sector Wise Energy Consumption in India The major commercial energy consuming sectors in the country are classified as shown in the Figure 1.5. As seen from the figure, industry remains the biggest consumer of commercial energy and its share in the overall consumption is 49%. (Reference year: 1999/2000)

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ENERGY NEEDS OF GROWING ECONOMY

Economic growth is desirable for developing countries, and energy is essential for economic growth. However, the relationship between economic growth and increased energy demand is not always a straightforward linear one. For example, under present conditions, 6% increase in India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would impose an increased demand of 9 % on its energy sector. In this context, the ratio of energy demand to GDP is a useful indicator. A high ratio reflects energy dependence and a strong influence of energy on GDP growth. The developed countries, by focusing on energy efficiency and lower energy-intensive routes, maintain their energy to GDP ratios at values of less than 1. The ratios for developing countries are much higher.
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Indian Energy Scenario

India's Energy Needs The plan outlay vis--vis share of energy is given in Figure 1.6. As seen from the Figure, 18.0% of the total five-year plan outlay is spent on the energy sector.

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ENERGY NEEDS OF GROWING ECONOMY

Per Capita Energy Consumption The per capita energy consumption is too low for India as compared to developed countries. It is just 4% of USA and 20% of the world average. The per capita consumption is likely to grow in India with growth in economy thus increasing the energy demand.

P.R.Mankad, SVMIT-Bharuch,2010-11

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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

The usage of energy resources in industry leads to environmental damages by polluting the atmosphere. Few of examples of air pollution are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide (NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers and furnaces, chlorofluro carbons (CFC) emissions from refrigerants use, etc. In chemical and fertilizers industries, toxic gases are released. Cement plants and power plants spew out particulate matter. Typical inputs, outputs, and emissions for a typical industrial process are shown in Figure 1.10
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CLIMATIC CHANGE

Human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, have made the blanket of greenhouse gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone etc.) around the earth thicker. The resulting increase in global temperature is altering the complex web of systems that allow life to thrive on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species. Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle Life on earth is made possible by energy from the sun, which arrives mainly in the form of visible light. About 30 percent of the sunlight is scattered back into space by outer atmosphere and the balance 70 percent reaches the earth's surface, which reflects it in form of infrared radiation. The escape of slow moving infrared radiation is delayed by the green house gases. A thicker blanket of greenhouse gases traps more infrared radiation and increase the earth's temperature .
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SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, we can only have conversion from one form to another with net sum constant History of 2nd law Most other laws were found after observing something , while the 2nd law of thermodynamics was found as result of failure of making something.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

That something was

Perpetual motion machines : Machines which continue to move without external energy.

Many scientists tried them in 18th century but no body could make it.
Why they failed?

LETS FIND OUT WHY

Consider example of..

A cup of tea falling from your hand A wave of sea washing out sand castle made by child
No, they cannot be reversed. Why you cannot reveres them?

Can we reverse these events?

Because they have changed from Orderly state to un orderly state

ORDERLINESS

Consider example of a cylinder having partition in the middle with oxygen in one side and nitrogen in the other side. When you remove partition , they get in to un orderly state from orderly state. But how to measure orderliness?

2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

In a closed system left to itself, Entropy always increases

OR

In a closed system left to itself, Orderliness always decreases

2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Coming back to the example of cup of tea or sand castle To change them back to orderly state you require external energy.
Our society also needs energy to maintain orderliness.

QUALITY OF ENERGY

We know that heat to mechanical or heat to electrical conversion is having very less efficiency (30%) but electrical to heat conversion is having very high efficiency. Why? The answer is , heat is less orderly form of energy compared to mechanical energy of shaft motion or electrical energy. These less orderly form of energy like heat, wind or solar are called low quality energy forms.