Practical

Research 2

Charles Y. Salcedo
Recall
Qualitative Research
vs.
Quantitative Research
•https://www.canva.com/design/DAGMHjr-Kkk/N-
Yjew5cM0NJZTaTGwymPA/edit?
utm_content=DAGMHjr-
Kkk&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2
&utm_source=sharebutton
• Quantitative research is defined
as a systematic investigation of
phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing
statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Objective
Quantitative research seeks accurate
measurement and analysis of target concepts.
It is not based on mere intuition and guesses.
Data are gathered before proposing a
conclusion or solution to a problem.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Clearly Defined Research Questions

The researchers know in advance what they
are looking for. The research questions are
well-defined for which objective answers
are sought. All aspects of the study are
carefully designed before data are gathered.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Structured Research Instruments

Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus,
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data.
Data are normally gathered using structured research
tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristics of the population like age, socio-
economic status, number of children, among others.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Numerical Data
Figures, tables or graphs showcase
summarized data collection in order to show
trends, relationships or differences among
variables. In sum, the charts and tables
allow you to see the evidence collected.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Large Sample Size

To arrive at a more reliable data, a normal
population distribution curve is preferred. This
requires a large sample size, depending on how the
characteristics of the population vary.
Random sampling is recommended in determining
the sample size to prevent researcher’s bias in
interpreting the results.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• REPLICATION
Quantitative methods can be repeated to
verify findings in another setting, thus
strengthen and reinforcing validity of
findings and eliminating the possibility of
spurious conclusions.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Future Outcomes
By using complex mathematical calculations
and with the aid of computers, if-then
scenario may be formulated thus predicting
future results. Quantitative research
emphasis on proof rather than discovery.
Strengths and
Weaknesses of
Quantitative Research
•https://www.canva.com/design/DAGMHjr-Kkk/N-
Yjew5cM0NJZTaTGwymPA/edit?
utm_content=DAGMHjr-
Kkk&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2
&utm_source=sharebutton
Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. It is objective. The most reliable and valid way of concluding

results, giving way to a new hypothesis or to disproving it.
Because of a bigger number of the sample of a population, the
results or generalizations are more reliable and valid.

2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated

analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital
characteristics of data.

3. It is real and unbiased. If the research is properly designed, it

filters out external factors, and so can be seen as real and unbiased.
Strengths of Quantitative Research

4. The numerical data can be analyzed in quick and easy way. By

employing statistically valid random models, findings can be
generalized to the population about which information is necessary.

5. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches

allow the study to be replicated in different areas or over time with
formulation of comparable findings.

6. Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained

by a series of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer,
and narrowing down of possible directions to follow.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1. Quantitative research can be costly, difficult and time-consuming-

difficult because most researchers are non-mathematicians.

2. Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment,

requiring stringent standards, more so with confirmation of results.
When ambiguities in some findings surface, retesting and
refinement of the design call for another investment in time and
resources to polish the results.

3. Quantitative methods also tend to turn out only proved or

unproven results, leaving little room for uncertainty, or grey areas.
Kinds of
Quantitative
Research
Group Kinds
1 Experimental Research Design
Pre-Experimental Design
2 Quasi-Experimental Design
True-Experimental Design
3 Non-Experimental Design
Survey
4 Correlational
Ex-post Facto Research Design
5 Comparative
Normative
6 Evaluative
Methodological
Instructions:
• Research on your assigned type of quantitative research.
Provide examples of studies that use that particular type of
research. Gather information on the characteristics,
purposes, and advantages of the type of research.
• Create a presentation that includes:
1. Definition and explanation of their assigned type of
quantitative research.
2. A real-world example of a study that used this type of
research.
3. Discussion of the specific characteristics and benefits
of this type of research.
Quantitative Research Designs
Research design refers to the overall
strategy that you choose in order to
integrate the different components of the
study in a coherent and logical way, thereby
ensuring you will effectively address the
research problem.
Quantitative Research Designs
Furthermore, a research design constitutes
the blueprint for the selection, measurement
and analysis of data. The research problem
determines the research design you should
use
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative methods emphasize objective
measurements and the statistical,
mathematical or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational
techniques
Quantitative Research Designs
Experimental Research Design
• This allows the researcher to control the situation. In
doing so, it allows the researcher to answer the question
“What causes something to occur?”
• This kind of research allows the researcher to identify
cause and effect relationships between variables and to
distinguish placebo effects from treatment effects.
• Further, this research design supports the ability to limit
alternative explanations and to infer direct casual
relationships in the study; the approach provides the
highest level of evidence for single studies.
Experimental Research Design
• Pre-experimental Design
One type of pre-experiment, the single group, pre-
test-posttest design, measures the group two
times, before and after the intervention.
Instead of comparing the pretest with the posttest
within one group, the posttest of the treated
groups is compared with that of an untreated
group.
Experimental Research Design
• Quasi-experimental Design
In this design, the researcher can collect more data, either by
scheduling more observations or finding more existing
measures.
For example, to perform an educational experiment, a class
might arbitrarily divide by alphabetical selection or by seating
arrangement. The division is often convenient and, especially in
an educational situation, causes as little disruption as possible.
After this selection, the experiment proceeds in a very similar
way to any other experiment, with a variable being compared
between different groups, or over a period of time.
Experimental Research Design
• True-experimental Design
True experimental design employs both treated and control
groups to deal with time-related rival explanation.
A control group reflects changes other than those due to the
treatment that occur during the time of the study. such changes
include effects of outside events, maturation by the subjects,
changes in measures and impact of any pre-tests.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Survey
This is useful when the objective of the study is to see general
picture of the population under investigation in terms of their
social and economic characteristics, opinions and their
knowledge about the behavior towards a certain phenomenon.
For example, universities, regularly float surveys to determine
customer satisfaction, the students’ attitudes toward or opinion
regarding student services like canteen, clinic, security and the
like.
Non-Experimental Research Design
•Correlational
This is conducted by researchers whose aim
is to find out the direction or relationship
between different variables or groups of
respondents under study.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Ex-post Facto Research Design Or Casual Comparative
Example 1: What is the effect of home schooling on the social
skills of adolescents?
Example 2: A researcher is interested in how weight influences
stress-coping level of adults. Here the subject would be
separated into different groups (underweight, normal,
overweight) and their stress-coping levels measures.
This is an ex-post facto since the pre-existing characteristic
(weight) was used to form groups.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Comparative
Specifically, is used to compare two distinct
groups on the basis of selected attributes such as
knowledge level, perceptions and attitudes,
physical or psychological symptoms.
For example, a comparative study on the study
habits among STEM and ICT students of SNHS.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Normative
It describes the norm level of characteristics for a
given behavior.

For example, if you are conducting a research on

the study habits of the high school students, you are
to use range of score to describe the level of their
study habits. The same is true when you would
want to describe their academic performance.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Evaluate
It is a process used to determine what has happened during a
given activity or in an institution. The purpose of evaluation is
to see if a given program is working, an institution is
successful according to the goals set for it, or the original
intent was successfully attained. It is conducted to elicit
useful feedback from a variety of respondents from various
fields to aid in decision making or policy making.

For example: A test of children in school is used to assess the

effectiveness of teaching or the deployment of a curriculum.
Non-Experimental Research Design
• Methodological
In this approach, the implementation of a
variety of methodologies forms a critical
part of achieving the goal of developing a
scale-matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.
Activity
Provide a research scenario or
question and suggest which type
of quantitative research would be
most suitable and why.
Activity
Write your concise learning about the following:
1. What is quantitative research?
2. Explain two of the characteristics of quantitative
research?
3. Discuss two of the strengths of quantitative
research.
4. Discuss a weakness of quantitative research.