Chapter 1-3

Wednesday, 21 September 2022 6:22 pm

CHAPTER 1 - Nature of Inquiry and Research

What is Research?
According to Earl Robert Babbie, "research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and
control the observed phenomenon using scientific methods.
Research studies are done to discover new information or to answer a question about how we learn,
behave and function with the end goal of benefitting society.
Completing a survey, being observed among a group of people, or participating in a group discussion, and
'clinical trials' or 'health research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research is defined as a market research method that focuses on obtaining data through open
ended and conversational communication.
Interviews Focus groups Documents Cultural records Observation
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research systematically investigates phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and
performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
Experiments Questionnaires Surveys Database reports
QUANTITATIVE
• Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses
• Analyzed through math and statistical analysis
• Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables
• Requires many respondents
• Closed (multiple choice) questions
• Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, replicability
QUALITATIVE
• Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or hypothesis
• Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting
• Mainly expressed in words
• Requires few respondents
• Open-ended questions
• Key terms: understanding, context, complexity, subjectivity
CHARACTERISTICS
1. CONTAIN MEASURABLE VARIABLES
2. USE STANDARDIZED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
3. ASSUME A NORMAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
4. PRESENT DATA IN TABLES, GRAPHS, OR FIGURES
5. USE A REPEATABLE METHOD
6. CAN PREDICT OUTCOMES
7. USE MEASURING DEVICES

1. CONTAIN MEASURABLE VARIABLES

Measurable characteristics are referred to as the variables of the study such as age, the number of
children, educational status, and economic status.
2. USE STANDARDIZED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The data collection instruments include questionnaires, polls, or surveys. Standardized, pre-tested
instruments guide data collection thus ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data.
3. ASSUME A NORMAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

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3. ASSUME A NORMAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
For more reliable data analysis of quantitative data, a normal population distribution curve is preferred
over a non-normal distribution. This requires adherence to the principle of random sampling to avoid the
researcher’s bias in interpreting the results that defeat the purpose of the research.
4. PRESENT DATA IN TABLES, GRAPHS, OR FIGURES
The data obtained using quantitative methods are organized using tables, graphs, or figures that
consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables.
5. USE REPEATABLE METHOD
Researchers can repeat the quantitative method to verify or confirm the findings in another setting. This
reinforces the validity of groundbreaking discoveries.
6. CAN PREDICT OUTCOMES
From data analysis, can predict outcomes. If-then scenarios can be constructed using complex
mathematical computations with the aid of computers.
7. USE MEASURING DEVICES
Advanced digital or electronic instruments are used to measure or gather quantitative data from the field.
The instruments ensure an objective and accurate collection of data provided that these are calibrated.
Types of Quantitative Research
Survey Research
Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative outcome research methodologies and
studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online
polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc. This type of research can be
conducted with a specific target audience group and also can be conducted across multiple groups along
with comparative analysis.
Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are observational surveys conducted in situations
where the researcher intends to collect data from a sample of the target population at a given point in
time.
Longitudinal surveys: Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys but, unlike cross-sectional
surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted across various time durations to observe a change in
respondent behavior and thought-processes.
Correlational research
Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit entities and how
one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually observed.
Example of Correlational Research Questions:
The relationship between stress and depression.
The equation between fame and money.
The relation between activities in a third-grade class and its students
Causal-comparative research
This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also called quasi-experimental
research, this quantitative research method is used by researchers to conclude the cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent variable.
Example of Causal-Comparative Research Questions:
The impact of drugs on a teenager.
The effect of good education on a freshman.
The effect of substantial food provision in the villages of Africa.
Experimental research
Also known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a theory. Experimental research,
as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more theories. This theory has not been proven in the
past and is merely a supposition. In experimental research, an analysis is done around proving or
disproving the statement. This research method is used in natural sciences. Traditional research methods
are more effective than modern techniques.
Lesson 3: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Importance of Qualitative Research
Across Fields.
▪ STRENGHTS

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 ▪ STRENGHTS
• The data in the Quantitative research is collected and presented in the numbers.
• It involves the statistics; it provides a wider scope of the data collection for the researchers.
• Quantitative research is not based on the thinking or the perception of the individual or group of
individuals conducting the research rather; it is based on the numbers; thus, it removes the risk of
personal biases.
• The data collected in the Quantitative research is less time consuming.
▪ WEAKNESSES
• The Survey instruments used for the research are vulnerable to errors like the mistakes in
measurement or the flawed sampling techniques as the numerical data is involved.
• Generally, the Quantitative research method requires the extensive statistical analysis that becomes
difficult to perform.
• In this method, a structured questionnaire is involved, which has close-ended questions.
▪ IMPORTANCE
• The Importance of Quantitative Research is that it helps tremendously in studying samples and
populations. It discusses detailed relevant questions like, where the data come from, the gap in the
data, how robust is it, and what are the exclusions in the data research.
→ What is the importance of quantitative research in the field of education?
Quantitative research in education provides numerical data that can prove or disprove a theory, and
administrators can easily share the number-based results with other schools and districts.
→ Why quantitative research is important to a doctor?
In quantitative research, the findings will reflect the reliability and validity (psychometric characteristics)
of the measured outcomes or dependent variables (such as changes in knowledge, skills, or attitudes)
used to assess the effectiveness of the medical education intervention (the independent variable of …
→ What is the importance or contribution of quantitative research to sports?
It gives coaches and athletes a way to gain solid information and apply it to sport performance. It helps
coaches form beliefs about how to develop programs and coaching techniques.
→ Is quantitative research applicable to all fields?
Quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography, sociology, marketing,
community health, health & human development, gender studies, and political science; and less frequently
in anthropology and history.
LESSON 4: Different Variables in Quantitative Research and their Uses
Variables are things you measure, manipulate and control in statistics and research. All studies analyze a
variable, which can describe a person, place, thing, or idea. A variable's value can change between groups
or over time.
• Independent variables
- An independent variable is a singular characteristic that the other variables in your experiment
cannot change. Age is an example of an independent variable. Where someone lives, what they eat or
how much they exercise are not going to change their age. Independent variables can, however,
change other variables. In studies, researchers often try to find out whether an independent variable
causes other variables to change and in what way.
• Dependent variables
- A dependent variable relies on and can be changed by other components. A grade on an exam is an
example of a dependent variable because it depends on factors such as how much sleep you got and
how long you studied. Independent variables can influence dependent variables, but dependent
variables cannot influence independent variables. For example, the time you spent studying
(dependent) can affect the grade on your test (independent) but the grade on your test does not
affect the time you spent studying.
• Quantitative variables
- Quantitative variables are any data sets that involve numbers or amounts. Examples might include
height, distance or number of items. Researchers can further categorize quantitative variables into
two types:
Discrete: Any numerical variables you can realistically count, such as the coins in your wallet or the
money in your savings account.

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 money in your savings account.
Continuous: Numerical variables that you could never finish counting, such as time.
• Extraneous variables
- Extraneous variables are factors that affect the dependent variable but that the researcher did not
originally consider when designing the experiment. These unwanted variables can unintentionally
change a study's results or how a researcher interprets those results. Take, for example, a study
assessing whether private tutoring or online courses are more effective at improving students'
Spanish test scores. Extraneous variables that might unintentionally influence the outcome include
parental support, prior knowledge of a foreign language or socioeconomic status.

CHAPTER 2: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem

Lesson 1: Identifying the Area of Inquiry
• Conduct preliminary research
- Conducting preliminary research on your area of study and specific topic will help you to formulate a
research question or thesis statement that will lead to more specific and relevant research.
• Read the information and develop a research question
- You will need to take notes and keep accurate track of the sources that you used up to this point
• Write a thesis statement or research question.
- Think about what you've read and look for issues, problems or solutions that others have found and
determine your own opinion or stance on the issue.
• Complete your research using your thesis statement and research question as your guide.
- Make sure that your sources provide details on the history and past research related to your
research question.
• Create relevant sections as you write the background study.
- As you evaluate your research and begin to write the background study, create five separate sections
that cover the key issues, major findings, and controversies surrounding your thesis, as well as sections
that provide an evaluation and conclusion.
• Conclude
- Conclude by identifying any further study that needs to be done in that area, or provide possible
solutions to the issue that haven't been considered before.
• Revise and edit your background study.
- Complete several drafts of your work, revising and filling in information as you go.
Lesson 2: Research Problems and Questions
Why is a research question essential to the research process?
Research questions help writers focus their research by providing a path through the research and writing
process. The specificity of a well-developed research question helps writers avoid the “all-about” paper
and work toward supporting a specific, arguable thesis.
Steps to developing a research question
1. Choose an interesting general topic. Most professional researchers focus on topics they are
genuinely interested in studying. Writers should choose a broad topic about which they genuinely
would like to know more. An example of a general topic might be “Slavery in the American South” or
“Films of the 1930s.”
2. Do some preliminary research on your general topic. Do a few quick searches in current
periodicals and journals on your topic to see what’s already been done and to help you narrow your
focus. What issues are scholars and researchers discussing, when it comes to your topic? What
questions occur to you as you read these articles?
3. Consider your audience. For most college papers, your audience will be academic, but always keep
your audience in mind when narrowing your topic and developing your question. Would that
particular audience be interested in the question you are developing?
4. Start asking questions. Taking into consideration all of the above, start asking yourself open-ended
“how” and “why” questions about your general topic. For example, “Why were slave narratives
effective tools in working toward the abolishment of slavery?” or “How did the films of the 1930s
reflect or respond to the conditions of the Great Depression?”
5. Evaluate your question. After you’ve put a question or even a couple of questions down on paper,

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 5. Evaluate your question. After you’ve put a question or even a couple of questions down on paper,
evaluate these questions to determine whether they would be effective research questions or
whether they need more revising and refining.
Lesson 3: Specificity and Feasibility of the Problem Posed
Research problem is stated in the form of a question. The purpose of a research problem or statement of a
problem is to help the readers understand the significance of the topic being studied. It also establishes the
problem into a detailed context that defines the parameters of what is to be investigated. This is the
backbone for reporting the results and indicates what is probably necessary to conduct the study and explain
how the findings will present this information (SH University, 2020).
a. Clarity and precision. The research problem must be clearly stated and must be on point to help
readers directly know its purpose.
b. Identification of what would be studied, while avoiding the use of value-laden words and terms.
c. Identification of key factors or variables, and of an overarching question.
d. Identification of key concepts and terms.
e. Articulation of the studies’ delimitation or parameters.
f. Some generalizability in regards to applicability and bringing results into general use.
g. Conveyance of the significance of the study, benefits, and justification.
h. Does not use unnecessary jargons.
i. Conveyance of more than the mere gathering of descriptive data providing only a snapshot of the
issue or phenomenon under investigation.

• Identifying a Research Topic

- reading books, research articles, and other professional publications
- Asking for helps from experts
- Observing things for some experiences about this interest
• Narrowing down a research title
• Reminders
- What is current and new
- Recommendations of researchers who have conducted similar studies
- what has already been studied
- New ways of gathering data
• Characteristics of a research problem
- A research problem should not just be answerable by yes or no. it should imply that explanation and
justifications regarding the true situations or observation are required implies a relationship between the
variables of the study the problem should be stated in a clear unambiguous manner a researchable
problem must imply interpretation and analysis of data

CHAPTER 3 – Learning from others and reviewing Related

Literature
Lesson 1: Selecting, Citing, and Synthesizing Related Literature
Review of related literature or literature review is the process of obtaining relevant and important
information or materials related that involves systematic identification, location, and analysis of
documents containing the information related to the topic.
Reviewing the literature places the study in the context of all the available information about a topic. It
helps to explain how the research problem to be investigated fits into the larger picture. It also gives the
reader updated discourses in the discipline of a topic and lets you identify what has been done so as not to
replicate other researchers’ work.
IMPORTANCE
• Defines and refine the independent and dependent variables
• Establishes the need, significance, and justification for conducting a study
• Helps gauge the feasibility of pursuing a topic and provides a logical rationale for the research hypothesis
• This leads to potentially useful citations that might be helpful in the development of a study
• Allows identifying the strengths and weaknesses of previous investigations of a topic

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 STEPS IN DOING A LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Identify Key Terms
Aside from the library, the Internet is a very rich source of information on your topic.
You can search for information on Google or Google Scholar. You need to identify keywords that will lead
to a successful search. Finding information on Google or other search engines is not hard if you follow
these tips:
Identify keywords from your problem statement and research questions.
Go to the library and look for a related topic from journal articles and see how your topic was in a title of
an article.
Obtain handbooks, manuals, or encyclopedias where a general area of your topic
was used in a title of an article.
Trim down your topic by using Boolean operators
Boolean operators are words like and, or, not, or and not. These words can be used
in your keywords resulting in a more defined and narrower topic.
2. Locate the Literature
Once you have identified the keywords specific to your topic, you can now begin
locating and retrieving the information you need. Consider primary and secondary
sources of information. Consider primary and secondary sources of information. The
primary source of information is journal articles while secondary
sources are encyclopedias, books, manuals, magazines, and handbooks.

Systematic way of recording important information from journal articles

Coding Sheet for Journal Articles
Author Research design
Title of an Article Data collection procedure
Title of the journal Validity and reliability of
instruments
Year/volume/number/pages Data analysis procedure
Research questions Highlights of results (findings)
Hypotheses Limitations

Participants and sampling Recommendations

procedure
Dependent variables Implications for your study
Independent variables Potentially useful citation
3. Evaluate Your Selected Literature
Strategies on how to evaluate your selected literature
• Make sure that the journal where an article is published is reputable. This means that the journal has an
editorial board.
• Make sure that the research article has sections such as introduction, methods, discussion, and conclusion.
• The article for inclusion in your review should be relevant, useful, and related to your proposed study.
• The literature to be included in the review must be updated in the field of your study.
• Rank the various sources gathered based on the degree of quality.
4. Organize your Sources
Tips on how to organize your sources
• Group the literature according to the nuances and particulars of the study
• Identify the major themes and patterns in the different literature
• State the relationships among the different studies
• Identify the gaps in the literature
• Summarize your sources by using a table matrix or constructing a literature map
• Synthesize the literature before writing the review
5. Writing the Review
Three main parts of the Literature Review

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 Three main parts of the Literature Review
• The introduction sets the stage for the review. This is where you give an overview, define important
keywords, and inform readers of the limitations of the review.
• The body is the bulk of the review. This is the part where you lay out the groundwork and background
information about your topic. It contains a discussion on the similarities and differences of findings from
several articles and how they are related to the present study.
• The conclusion or synthesis of the review summarizes the trend and themes that you have observed as
you describe the findings from the different articles. This is the part where you reiterate how the review
provides the necessary context and rationale for your problem statement and how the review falls short
of advancing your study.

Literature Review Checklist

Choosing Sources
1. Is it clear what is being synthesized? ( i.e. did you list all your sources and cite
them correctly?)
2. Is the literature you have selected relevant?
Introduction to the Review
1. Is the area of interest explained? Is sufficient background given?
2. Is the purpose of the review made evident to the reader?
3. If terminology or concepts are being introduced as part of the review, are these
defined or clarified?
4. Is the organization of the review made evident to the reader?
Organization and Writing Qualities of the Review
1. What is the organizational structure of your paper? Does it work?
2. How is each paragraph structured?
3. Are headings used to group the literature according to themes?
4. If there are sections within the review are these logically ordered and explained
to
the reader?
5. Does the author provide articulated transitions between sections? (Is the storyline easy to follow?)
6. Is each item in the literature review cited appropriately?
Presentation of Studies Being Reviewed
1. Does the presentation of the studies within sections includes a storyline, that is, is
the connection between each piece of literature made explicit for the reader?
2. Is it always clear which source you are talking about at any given moment?
3. Are the arguments of each of your sources clear? Have you summarized them
well? Have you failed to talk about any key points?
4. Can you tell exactly what each paragraph is about and how it relates to the main topic? Read the lead
sentence in 5 or 6 successive paragraphs. If this were all that was written would the storyline in this
literature review still be evident?
Evidence of Analysis, Synthesis, Critique Taking Place Within the Review
1. Does the author go beyond summarizing the studies? Is there evidence of analysis and critique of
individual studies?
2. Is there evidence of analysis and synthesis across the studies? Are the messages that emerge from the
literature made evident? (This may involve comparing results, and identifying differences among several
studies).
3. Are the gaps, problems, or issues unresolved by the literature identified?
4. Does the author provide evidence to support the arguments, analysis, and criticism being made? Is the
evidence sufficient and convincing?
5. Is the author's voice separate and distinct from that of the authors they are summarizing, critiquing, and
reviewing?
Conclusion to the Review
1. Does the author provide some summary and conclusion that pulls together their entire review?
2. Does the author identify the contribution made by their review efforts?
3. Does the author make suggestions for research that needs to be conducted in the future?

CITING REFERENCES

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 CITING REFERENCES
Citing References is an important process when writing a literature review. It allows the reader of your
research to have a more thorough examination of the studies cited. It also gives credibility to the literature
review because what you are saying is placed in the context of the literature.
The three most common citation styles in writing a literature review are (1) American Psychological
Association (APA) Style, (2) Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, and (3) Chicago Manual of Style.

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

• The APA style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association.
• It requires both in-text citations and a reference list. It is important that when you use the APA style, each
in-text
• citation should appear in the reference list should have an in-text citation.
• It is used in psychology, social sciences, and natural sciences.
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
• The MLA style uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system citing sources.
• In-text citations are summarized as “Work Cited” at the end of the paper.
• It is used in language research and literature studies.
Chicago Manual of Style
• The Chicago Manual of Style uses two citation formats: the author-date reference format
• and the standard bibliographic format. It allows writers to credit their sources through footnotes or end-
• note citations. This system allows the writer to comment on the cited sources.
• Instead of “References” or “Work cited”, the Chicago Manual of Style uses “Bibliography” to list the sources
used.
• It is used in the humanities like philosophy and theology.

Lesson 2: Ethical Standards in Writing a Review of Related Literature

DEFINITION
Ethics etymologically came from the Greek word ethos which means right action. In any
society, standard action is ought to be followed. For example, if you go out, you need to wear
a face mask. if you buy goods, you need to fall in the queue.
Five (5) Ethical Ways of Writing our Literature Review
1. Observe proper citation. In writing academic text like research, you ought to observe proper
citation. This is from proper paraphrasing to correct entries in different citations.
2. Keep the original thoughts. There are many times that we lose the original thoughts of the text that
we are paraphrasing. It is unethical if we will just cite writing wherein the original
essence of the sentence is different from what we have interpreted.
3. Avoid biases. As a novice researcher, it’s important that you eliminate personal interests or biases
in your studies (Fleming & Zegwaard, 2018).
4. Be scientific. Becoming scientific is to have a strong basis for reviewing the literature.
5. Embrace positivism. Research is always geared towards positivity. Thus, the literature review has
to be in line with positivism (Polonski, 2004).
LESSON 3: Formulation of Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It
defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw
coherent conclusions. It is a representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables
or the characteristics or properties that you want to study. It can be written or visual and is generally
developed based on a literature review of existing studies about your topic.

Developing a Conceptual Framework

Step 1: Choose your research question
Your research question guides your work by determining exactly what you want to find out,
giving your research process a clear focus.
Step 2: Select your independent and dependent variable
To move forward with your research question and test a cause-and-effect relationship, you
must first identify at least two key variables: your independent and dependent variables.

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 must first identify at least two key variables: your independent and dependent variables.
Step 3: Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship
After you’ve figured out your research questions and variables, the first step in designing your
conceptual framework is visualizing your expected cause-and-effect.
Step 4: Identify other influencing variables
Variables that can influence the relationship between your independent and dependent
variables early in your research process.

Some common variables to include are moderating, mediating, and control variables.
• Moderating variables
Moderating variables (or moderators) alter the effect that an independent variable has on a dependent
variable. In other words, moderators change the “effect” component of the cause-and-effect relationship. It
is not affected by the independent variable, even though it affects the dependent variable.
• Mediating variables
Mediating variables link the independent and dependent variables, allowing the relationship between
them to be better explained. It is affected by the independent variables. In turn, it also affects the
dependent variable
• Control variables
Lastly, control variables must also be taken into account. These are variables that are held constant so that
they don’t interfere with the results. Even though you aren’t interested in measuring them for your study,
it’s crucial to be aware of as many of them as you can be.

Research Hypothesis
The hypothesis is an assumption or perhaps a tentative explanation for a specific process or phenomenon
that has been observed during research. However, a hypothesis is a calculated and educated guess proven
or disproven through research methods. It reflects your understanding of the problem statement and as a
form of development of knowledge. Therefore, you need to articulate your hypothesis in a way that should
appear as a justifiable assumption to study the properties and causes of the phenomenon in the research
topic.

Characteristics and Sources of Hypotheses:

1. A research hypothesis has to be simple yet clear to look reliable and justifiable enough.
2. It has to be precise about the results.
3. A research hypothesis should be written in a self-explanatory manner with its significance staying
intact.
4. If you are developing a relational hypothesis, you need to include the variables and establish an
appropriate relationship among them.
5. A hypothesis must keep and reflect the scope for further investigations and experiments.

Types of Hypotheses
1. Alternative Hypothesis
In the academic domain, it is very often denoted as H1. The significance of this kind is to
identify the expected outcome of your research procedure. Additionally, it is further classified
into two subcategories:
a. Directional: A statement that defines the ways through which the expected results will be gathered. It
is generally used in cases where you need to establish a relationship between various variables rather
than making any comparison between multiple groups. For example, attending physiotherapy sessions
will improve the on-field performance of athletes.
b. No directional: As the name suggests, a non-directional alternative hypothesis doesn't suggest any
direction for the expected outcomes. For example, attending physiotherapy sessions influence the on-field
performance of athletes.

2. Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis is denoted as H0. A null hypothesis exists as opposed to an alternative hypothesis. It is a
statement that defines the opposite of the expected results or outcomes throughout your research. In
simpler terms, a null hypothesis is used to establish a claim that no relationship exists between the
variables defined in the hypothesis. To give you an idea about how to write a null hypothesis, the last

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variables defined in the hypothesis. To give you an idea about how to write a null hypothesis, the last
example can be stated as:
The physiotherapy sessions do not affect athletes' on-field performance. Both the null and alternative
hypotheses are written to provide specific clarifications and an examination of the research problem. So,
to clarify confusion, the difference between a research problem statement and a hypothesis is that the
former is just a question that can't be validated or tested. In contrast, the latter can be tested, validated, or
denied.

3. Simple Hypothesis
It is a statement that is made to reflect the relation between the dependent and independent variables.
Follow through the example, and you will understand,
a. Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer
b. Intake of sugar-rich foods can lead to obesity

4. Complex Hypothesis
A complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple dependent or independent variables
stated in the research problem. Follow through the below examples for better clarity on this:
a. Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.
b. Including short breaks during work hours can lead to higher concentration and boost productivity.

5. Empirical Hypothesis
It is also referred to as the "Working Hypothesis." This type of claim is made when a theory is being
validated through an experiment and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable enough and
different from a wild guess. Here are a few examples through which you can learn to create an empirical
hypothesis:
a. Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those women who take vitamin B12.
b. Canines learn faster if they are provided with food immediately after they obey a command.

6. Statistical Hypothesis
A statement claiming an explanation after studying a sample of the population is called a statistical
hypothesis. It is a type of logic-based analysis where you research a specific population and gather
evidence through a particular sample size. Below are some hypothetical statistical statements to
understand how you can conduct your research leveraging statistical data:
a. 44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27
b. 47% of the rural population in India is involved in agro-based activities.

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