RM PPT2

Concept of theory,
empiricism, deductive and

inductive theory.
Theory: a supposition or a system of ideas
intended to explain something, especially
one based on general principles independent
of the thing to be explained
Epistemological : relating to the theory of

knowledge, especially with regard to its
methods, validity, and scope, and the
distinction between justified belief and
opinion.
Ontological :
relating to the branch of metaphysics
dealing with the nature of being.
showing the relations between the concepts
and categories in a subject area or domain.
The theory that all knowledge is based on
experience derived from the senses.
What is empiricism person?

A person who believes in using
methods based on what is
experienced.
Empiricism
The practice or principle of basing
opinions and actions on reason and
knowledge rather than on religious
belief or emotional response.
What is a rationalism person?

A person who beliefs on reasons
and logics rather than emotion.
Rationalism
Theories in Business Research :
TPB, Maslow Hierarchy Model and so on.
Theory should be Apply or not ?

Inductive Theory is an approach to
research that Starts with the Observation
and the end result of the research is
Theory.
Deductive Theory is an approach to

research that starts with the proposition
of hypothesis and the end result of
research is confirmation/rejection.
Inductive Theory & Deductive

Theory
Inductive Research does not have any hypothesis,
So the direction can be changed.
Deductive Research starts with an hypothesis, so

direction will not be changed.
Inductive Research is less structured as there is no

guiding factors.
Deductive Research is highly structured because

there is some specific aims to accomplished.
Inductive Research is appropriate for small
project because small numbers of sample
are analyzed with greater gravity.
Deductive Research is appropriate for large

sample project because large numbers of
sample are analyzed with less depth.
A research question is a specific inquiry which
the research seeks to provide a response to.
It resides at the core of systematic
investigation and it helps you to clearly
define a path for the research process.
A research question is usually the first step in
any research project. Basically, it is the
primary interrogation point of your research
and it sets the pace for your work.
Research Question
Descriptive. When a study is designed
primarily to describe what is going on or
what exists. ...
Relational. When a study is designed to
look at the relationships between two or
more variables. ...
Causal research, is a type of study that
evaluates whether two different situations
have a cause-and-effect relationship.
Research Questions
 A construct is an abstract concept that is
specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a
given phenomenon.
 A construct may be a simple concept, such

as a person’s weight, or a combination of a
set of related concepts such as a person’s
communication skill, which may consist of
several underlying concepts such as the
person’s vocabulary, syntax, and spelling.
Construct
 Theformer instance (weight) is a unidimensional construct,
while the latter (communication skill) is a multi-dimensional
construct (i.e., it consists of multiple underlying concepts).
Reference:
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Social_Work_and_Human_Services/
Social_Science_Research_-
_Principles_Methods_and_Practices_(Bhattacherjee)/
02%3A_Thinking_Like_a_Researcher/
2.02%3A_Concepts_Constructs_and_Variables#:~:text=For
%20instance%2C%20a%20person's%20intelligence,that
%20measures%20the%20intelligence%20construct
A variable is a measurable representation of an
abstract construct. As abstract entities, constructs
are not directly measurable, and hence, we look for
proxy measures called variables.
 Forinstance, a person’s intelligence is often

measured as his or her IQ (intelligence
quotient) score, which is an index generated from
an analytical and pattern-matching test
administered to people.
 Inthis case, intelligence is a construct, and IQ

score is a variable that measures the
intelligence construct.
Variable
Type of Variables
Dependent : is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is
'dependent' on the independent variable.
Independent: is the cause of any changes in the dependent variable., and is
assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable
Example :
Impact of employment turnover on firms productivity
Impact of Employee Awareness on Green Human Resource Management
Practices
Control variable
Moderating variable
Mediating variable 16
Important Type of Variables
Independent Dependent
variable variable
Intelligence Performance
Mediator
Moderator variable
variable
Hard work
Intellige
nce Performance
17
A hypothesis states your predictions about what
your research will find. It is a tentative answer to
your research question that has not yet been
tested. For some research projects, you might
have to write several hypotheses that address
different aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be

based on existing theories and knowledge. It also
has to be testable, which means you can support
or refute it through scientific research methods
(such as experiments, observations and statistical
analysis of data).
Hypothesis
 Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables.
• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.
 If there are any control variables, extraneous variables, or confounding
variables, be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances
that research bias will affect your results.
Example: Hypothesis
“Daily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of

happiness”.
 In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the

assumed cause.
 The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect
Variables in hypotheses
Developing a hypothesis (with example)
Step 1. Ask a question
Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question
that you want to answer. The question should be
focused, specific, and researchable within the
constraints of your project.
Example: Research question
“Do students who attend more lectures get
better exam results?”
 Step 2. Do some preliminary research
 Your initial answer to the question should be based on what
is already known about the topic. Look for theories and
previous studies to help you form educated assumptions
about what your research will find.
 At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to
ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic. This can
also help you identify which variables you will study and
what you think the relationships are between them.
Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex
constructs.
Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis
 Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write
your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.
 Example: Formulating your hypothesis Attending more
lectures leads to better exam results.
4. Refine your hypothesis

 You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable.
There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms
you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should
contain:
• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis
 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways
 To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…
then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable
and the second part states the dependent variable.
 If a first-year student starts attending more lectures,
then their exam scores will improve.
 In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms
of correlations or effects, where you directly state the
predicted relationship between variables.
 The number of lectures attended by first-year students
has a positive effect on their exam scores.If you are
comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you
expect to find between them.
 First-year students who attended most lectures will
have better exam scores than those who attended few
lectures.
 6. Write a null hypothesis
 If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have to write
a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no
association between the variables.
 The null hypothesis is written as H0, while the alternative hypothesis is H1 or Ha.
• H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no

effect on their final exam scores.
• H1: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a
positive effect on their final exam scores.
Reference:
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/#:~:text=about
%20writing%20hypotheses-,What%20is%20a%20hypothesis
%3F,aspects%20of%20your%20research%20question.
Features of Good Hypothesis
1. It should be empirically testable,
2. It should be specific and precise.
3. It should specify variables between which the relationship is to be established.
4. It should not conflict with any law of nature which is known to be true.
5. It should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the same is
easily
6. It should provide an answer to the research question

Resilience I Adaptability I Creativity
25
What to review?
Research Topic related aspects.
From where to review ?

Google Scholar,
Journals related to subject (area of research),
Repositories,
ABDC Journals and Scopus Indexed Journals.
How much to review ?

Adequate,
Justified,
Particular Period (like 5 years or 10 years.)
Review of Literature
Research Design provides a framework for
the collection and analysis of data.
Research Design is the conceptual structure

within which research is conducted ; it
constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement and analysis of data.
Research Design
Dependent and Independent variable.
Extraneous Variable: An Independent
Variables are termed as Extraneous
Variables.
Control: Minimize the influence or effect
of extraneous variable.
Research Hypothesis
Important Concepts Relating to

Research Design
Refer the notes.
Types of Research Design

RM PPT2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RM PPT2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

RM PPT2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Concept of theory,

empiricism, deductive and

Epistemological : relating to the theory of

What is empiricism person?

What is a rationalism person?

TPB, Maslow Hierarchy Model and so on.

Theory should be Apply or not ?

Deductive Theory is an approach to

Inductive Theory & Deductive

Deductive Research starts with an hypothesis, so

Inductive Research is less structured as there is no

Deductive Research is highly structured because

Deductive Research is appropriate for large

 A construct may be a simple concept, such

 Forinstance, a person’s intelligence is often

 Inthis case, intelligence is a construct, and IQ

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be

“Daily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of

 In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the

4. Refine your hypothesis

• H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no

1. It should be empirically testable,

2. It should be specific and precise.

3. It should specify variables between which the relationship is to be established.

6. It should provide an answer to the research question

From where to review ?

How much to review ?

Research Design is the conceptual structure

Important Concepts Relating to

Types of Research Design

You might also like