PR2 Q1 Lesson5
PR2 Q1 Lesson5
PR2 Q1 Lesson5
RESEARCH II
Ms. Enna Lorraine M. Custodio
ATTENDANCE &
REMINDERS
Learning from Other and
Reviewing the Literature
Lesson 5
What is Conceptual Framework?
• It is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the
basic structure or components of your research as well as on the
relationships of these elements with one another. It is a graph or
non-prose material, specifically, a schematic diagram that shows
a well-ordered element of the research. Giving a carefully
constructed arrangement of the components of your study,
conceptual framework is a broad outline or plan to give shape to
your research (Shields et. al, 2013).
What are the Purposes of Conceptual
Framework?
• 1. Keeps research on track.
• 2. Provides clear links from the literature to the research goals
and questions.
• 3. Helps the researcher to see clearly the variables of the study.
• 4. Clarifies concepts and propose relationships among concepts.
A Sample Conceptual Framework
• Research Problem or Topic: Enhancing Body Weight of a Senior High School
student through Balance diet.
The above sample shows that the Body weight of a senior high school student can be enhanced
through balance diet. The Balance diet can be achieved by eating variety of fruits, vegetables,
drinking plenty of fluids and the like.
Quality Assessment Checklist
• Make sure that when you develop a conceptual framework the
following are achieved.
Defining Conceptual Framework
A theoretical framework is founded on the theories already developed over an
area over a long period of time having a robust historical background while
the conceptual framework is used in a new researchable area. In fact, both
explain the future course of the research study justifying the research
enterprise with the aim to make sure that the findings are more meaningful,
acceptable and generalizable.
Defining Conceptual Framework
1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual framework.
2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your own
understanding of the elements and of the relationships of the research
features.
3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the
objective of the research.
4. Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for
improvement purposes.
Try it!
ATTENDANCE &
REMINDERS
Defining Terms
1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual framework.
2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your own
understanding of the elements and of the relationships of the research
features.
3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the
objective of the research.
4. Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for
improvement purposes.
Defining Operationally
An operational definition of a variable describes:
• What is observed.
• What is measured.
Topic 1
Hypothesis: ‘While people may use the internet to search for flights, they
prefer to make their reservations or purchases via a travel agent’
Research question: ‘Do people use the internet to collect information about
flights but still prefer to use travel agents to make their reservations?’
Guidelines in Formulating
Hypotheses
1. Express your hypotheses in a declarative sentence.
2. Support your hypotheses with ideas based on theories, known facts,
previous studies, or your own experience and wisdom.
3. Establish a logical relationship between the hypotheses and the research
problem.
4. Have your hypotheses predict the nature of relationship between or among
variables.
5. Ascertain the possibility of having some means of testing, analyzing, and
investigating your hypotheses.
6. Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific language in stating the
hypotheses.
ATTENDANCE &
REMINDERS
Review of Literature
RRL is an important component of research regardless of the type of
research. Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort
in reviewing related literature. Reviewing related literature is one major
activity in research that makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas
related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals,
or other reading materials in the past.
Review of Literature
A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and
reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials.
The following information may be collected:
1. Background information about the problem and related concepts.
2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the possible
connection between certain factors and the problem.
3. Data that confirms the existence and seriousness of the problem.
4. General and specific findings of studies related to the problem.
5. Recommendations for further study given in related studies.
Why Review Literature?
1. To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions or
situations of the world.
2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to
learn from them with respect to your own research study.
3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies.
4. To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research
studies.
5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research.
What Materials to Review?
1. General References
Publications where authors cite the works of others. Examples are books,
encyclopedias. Secondary sources are good references for overview of the
problem.
RRL in Quantitative Research
You have learned that there are two basic methods of reviewing related
literature: traditional and systematic review. Traditional is for qualitative
research while systematic is for quantitative research. Systematic review, ‘a
question-driven methodology’ is used by quantitative researchers who begin
their research work by asking questions-one big question that states the
main problem of the research and a set of sub-questions that deal with
specific aspects of the research. Qualitative research likewise begins with
research questions, but these are open- ended and subjective questions, in
contrast to quantitative questions that aim at obtaining exact, specific, and
objective answers whose origin or sources are easy to trace (Ridly, 2012).
Steps in Conducting a Systematic
Review
Systematic review of related literature happens through the following
sequential steps:
1. Clarifying the research questions
2. Panning the research based on your understanding of the research
questions
3. Searching for literature
4. Listing criteria for considering the values forms of knowledge collected
Meta-Analysis in Quantitative
Research
Meta-analysis is a kind of review of related literature in which you re-examine
and combine the results of two or more statistics studies for coming out with
a grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome. Putting the
results together making them appear as on result work to strengthen
whatever impact the independent variable has on the dependent variable.
In-text Citation and Referencing
Style
All reading materials related to your research offer different concepts, ideas,
or information belonging to other people. Having honesty, respect, or
courtesy to the owners of these varied forms of knowledge as well as
gratefulness for their valuable All reading materials related to your research
offer different concepts, ideas, or information belonging to other people.
Having honesty, respect, or courtesy to the owners of these varied forms of
knowledge as well as gratefulness for their valuable.
In-text citations are used each time you quote, paraphrase or refer to a
source in the body of your paper. The in-text citation directs the reader to the
correct entry in the reference list or bibliography.
In-text Citation and Referencing
Style
Referring to authors within the main body of the paper is called Citation or
In-text Citation; at the end of the paper, it is called Bibliography or
References. The two most commonly used referencing styles are the MLA
(Modern Language Association) and the APA (American Psychological
Association). But mostly Government schools in La Union like DMMMSU
used APA format same as private schools like LORMA and SLC.
In-text Citation and Referencing
Style
The following table shows you how these two referencing styles differ in some
aspects.
Differences between APA and MLA
Examples:
Differences between APA and MLA
Examples:
Differences between APA and MLA
Examples:
Differences between APA and MLA
Examples:
Differences between APA and MLA
Examples:
Try it!
Literature Review Worksheet
1. Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?
Example: COVID-19 cases in the Philippines
2. Topic sentence:
Example: The number of mortalities in the Philippines is directly related to the Age of
the patients
3. My source (works to be read, analyzed and cited) this can be taken from magazines,
newspapers, books, online resources etc.:
Example: “The Effect of Age on Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis
With 611,583 Subjects (July 2020).”Journal of American Medical Directors Association.
Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861020304412
Literature Review Worksheet
4. Body:
What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example: Source 1: American Doctors Association found out that the meta-
analysis of currently available data suggests a determinant effect of age on
mortality of COVID19 patients with a relevant threshold on age >50 and
especially >60.