4th Meeting Morphosyntax 7 Nov 23

Morphology
and Syntax
3rd Semester || Tadris Bahasa Inggris
STAI Yapnas Jeneponto
LET’S TALK ABOUT OUR PREVIOUS MEET-
ING!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session, the

students are expected to have
in- depth understanding and
insights into: The concept of English word
formation process .
Word Formation Process
Definition of Word
Formation
Types of Word Formation

The Word
Formation
Process
Definition of Word Formation Process
George Yule (2006:52) Carol Jean Godby (1982:153) Jean Aitchison (2006:52)
-The Study of Language- -Language Files: Materials for an In- -Words in the Mind: An Introduction to
“Word-formation process is the troduction to Language- Mental Lexicon-
“new words can be created by
process of creating new terms “Word-formation process is the
form of new word or item itself word formation, where words
from old uses. “
undergoes to the linguistic are formed by taking existing
process.“ words or pieces of words and
putting them together to make
new ones."
“A word formation process is the
process of making new words from
existing ones by involving the lin-
guistic methods."
Types of Word
Formation
Types of Word Formation
George Yule Carol Jean Godby Jean Aitchison (2006:52)

Coinage; Borrowing; Compound- Borrowing; Compounding; Blend- Compounding Affixation; Conver-
ing, Blending; Clipping; Back- ing; Coinage; Back-formation; sion; Abbreviatio and Acronyms;
formation; Conversion; Acronyms; Clipping; Acronyms; Derivation; Blend; Layering.
Derivation (prefix &suffix); and Functional Shift; Morphological (6 Types)
Multiple processes. (10 Types) Misanalysis; and Proper Name.
(11 Types)
Word Formation
Process by
George Yule
Coinage; Borrowing; Compounding, Blending; Clipping; Backformation; Conversion;

Acronyms; Derivation (prefix &suffix); and Multiple processes. (10 Types)
1. Coinage /ˈkɔɪnɪdʒ/
 The invention of entirely new terms or words Examples:

(neologism) without using other word formation • Aspirin
processes ; • Nylon
 Coming from the old uses to the new terms; • Xerox
 Referring to the extension of a name of a • Kodak
• Zipper
product .
• Google
• Frisbee
• Laundromat
• Kleenex
2. Borrowing /
ˈbɔːrəʊɪŋ/
 One of the common sources of creating new words in Examples (English):
English; • Alcohol (Arabic)
 Taking words from other language; • Boss (Dutch)
 Special type of borrowing: Loan-translation or calque • Croissant (French)
(A phrase that has been translated into another language) • Piano (Italia)
Example: • Yoghurt (Turkish)
Un gratteciel (French) or Wolkenkratzer (German) >
Skyscraper Examples (Indonesian
language context)
• Guru (Indian) - Teacher
• Trotoar (French) –Side-
walk
3. Compounding /kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ/
 Putting two separate words together to form a new word;
 It can be written as one word (hairpin), with a hypen (hair-pin) or separately (hair pin);
 It may be composed of various parts of speech (see examples);
 Plag (2002, p.170) : Compounds may even consist of more than two members , examples:
• First-degree burns (Luka bakar tingkat satu)
• Ballroom dancing (Dansa balai riung)
• Drop-down menu (Menu tarik-turun)
• Real estate agent (Agen real estat )
• Pick-up truk (Truk pickup)
• Sell-by date (Tanggal masuk toko/tanggal penjualan)
• Payback period (Jangka waktu pengembalian)
• White blood cell (Sel darah putih)
• Safe deposit box (Kotak penyimpanan barang berharga)
3. Compounding /kəm
ˈpaʊndɪŋ/
Examples:
• Noun+noun: (Lip+stick= Lipstick)
• Noun+-ing: (House+Hunting=House-hunting)
• -ing form+noun: (Meeting+point=Meeting point)
• Verb+noun: (Control+room=Control room)
• Adj+noun: (Blind+spot=Blind spot)
• Adj+ing form: (Global+warming=Global warming)
• Past participle+noun: (Lost+property=Lost property)
• Noun+past participle: (Home+grown=Home-grown)
• Noun+adj: (Sky+high=Sky-high)
• Adv+past participle: (Well+dressed=Well-dressed)
• Adv+ing form: (Well+meaning=Well-meaning)
4. Blending /
blendɪŋ/
Examples (English):
 A process of combining two separate terms to • Breakfast+Lunch=Brunch
produce a new single term; • Motor+Hotel=Motel
 Similiar to Compounds, except just parts of the • Television+Broadcasting=
words are merged; Telecast
• Smoke+Fog=Smog
Examples (Indonesian)
• Curhat (Curahan hati)
• Kepsek (Kepala Sekolah)
5. Clipping /
ˈklɪpɪŋ/
 Removing one or more syllables from a word to make it Examples:

shorter; • Fax (Facsimile)
 The word formation still re- maining the same meaning • Gas (Gasoline)
and still being a member of the same class form ; • Flu (Influenza)
 Often being used in casual/informal speech • Lab (Laboratory)
• Prof (Professor)
6. Backformation /ˈbæk
fɔːrmeɪʃn/
 Removing one or more syllables from a word to Examples:
make it shorter; but, • Television (N) > Televise (V)
 In contrast with clipping, backformation • Editor (N) > Edit (V)
process there is a cut off from a base; • Donation (N) > Donate (V)
• Option (N) > Opt (V)
 Backformation always involves reduction. • Babysitter (N) > Babysit (V)
• In Australian and British English: hypocorisms.

• “A longer word is reduced to a single syllabel, then -y
or -ie is added to the end. Examples:
Movie (Moving pictures) Aussie (Australian)
Barbie (Barbecue) Brekky (Breakfast)
7. Conversion /kən
ˈvɜːrʒn/
 Adding a new syntactic category to an already existing Examples:

term; • Access (N) > to access (V)
 Focusing on a change in the function of a word without • To guess (V) > A guess (N)
any reductions. • To spy (V) > A spy (N)
• Crazy (Adj.) > A Crazy (N)
• Google (N) > To google (V)
8. Acronyms /
ˈækrənɪm/
Examples:
• UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific,
 Forming the new words from the and Cultural Organization
initial letters; • ASAP: As soon as possible
 Words formed by combining the • TEFL?
initials of multiple words. • EFL?
• TOEFL?
9. Derivation (prefix &suffix) /ˌderɪ
ˈveɪʃn/
 The most common word-formation process to be found Examples:

in production of new English words; • Happy-Unhappy-Happiness
 Being accomplished by means of a large number of • Follow-Unfollow-Follower
smalls “bits”, i.e. Affixes of the English language. • Arrange-Rearrange
• Understand-Misunderstanding
• Joy-Joyful
10. Multiple processes /ˈmʌltɪpl
ˈprɑːses/
The creation of a particular word

involves more than one process.
Thank you so much for your kind attention

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Morphology

At the end of this session, the

Types of Word Formation

George Yule Carol Jean Godby Jean Aitchison (2006:52)

Coinage; Borrowing; Compounding, Blending; Clipping; Backformation; Conversion;

 The invention of entirely new terms or words Examples:

 Removing one or more syllables from a word to make it Examples:

• In Australian and British English: hypocorisms.

 Adding a new syntactic category to an already existing Examples:

 The most common word-formation process to be found Examples:

The creation of a particular word

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