WORD

Formation
Dhea Tauchidda Istighfara (210403022)
Mahmuda Wirda Tillah (210403025)
Fia Rahayu Agustin (210403027)
Naila Rahma Tsani (210403030)
 WORD FORMATION IS
THE CREATION OF A
NEW WORD. IT IS THE
WORD STUDY OF “HOW
WORDS ARE FORMED.
FORMATION WORD FORMATION IS A
MENS OF DERIVING
(GENERATING) LINGUISTIC
UNITS TO ‘INVENT A NEW
WORD’ OR TO CONSTRUCT
A NEW LINGUISTIC
CONCEPT’.
Word Formation
• Coinage
• Borrowing
• Compunding
• Blending
• Clipping
• Backformation
• Conversion
• Acronyms
• Derivation
 COINAGE
• It is the invention or creation of new words or
terms.
• Coinage (or invention) is the process whereby new
words are created outright, either deliberately or
accidentally, to fit some purpose.
 Coinage

In modern time,
Coinage happens particularly in the field
Coining is very
of media, bussiness or
rare. It does not in rapidly
medicine research,
always happen. changing cultures people try to outdo each
and societies other with more or
better words to name
their products
 Coinage

often these
Usually, words are Coinage sometimes is
trademarks are
coined to express new also referred to as
adopted by the
ideas, processes, neologism. the
masses, and they
products, etc. in the process of inventing
become “everyday
language entirely new words as
use of language”
neology.
(Yule, 2006)
For example: Xerox, Kodak, Google, Vaselin, Youtube, Aspirin, Facebook,
etc.
 BORROWING
• is the process whereby new words are formed by adopting
words from other language together with the concepts or
ideas they stand for.
• Borrowing involves copying a word that originally
belonged to one language, now being used into
another language
 BORROWING

WORDS ARE BORROWED BORROWING REQUIRES

DUE TO HISTORIC THAT THE BORROWING
OCCURENCES, SUCH AS LANGUAGE AND THE
CONQUESTS AND SOURCE LANGUAGE
INVASIONS, OR TO COME INTO CONTACT
GEOGRAPHICAL WITH EACH OTHER
PROXIMITY
 BORROWING

over its 1500 year the borrowed word for example, the
of history, english never remains a german
has borrowed from perfect copy of its pronunciation may
hundreds of original. it is made be a bit different
languages, though to fit the from the english
the main ones are phonological, pronunciation of the
latin, greek, french, morphological, and word.
german, etc. syntatic patterns of
its new language
 BORROWING

ALCOHOL ARABIC
BOSS DUTCH
Examples of
CROISSANT FRENCH
borrowed words PIANO ITALIAN
from other ROBOT CZECH
languages BARBECUE SPANISH
YOGURT TURKISH
 COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING CONSISTS IN OTHER WORDS,
IN THE COMBINATION OF COMPUNDING FORMS
TWO OR MORE (USUALLY A WORD OUT OF TWO
FREE MORPHONES OR OR MORE
ROOT MORPHEMES) TO INDEPENDENT
FORM A NEW WORD WORDS

IN BRIEF,
THE WORDS FORMED
‘COMPUNDING’ IS THE
ARE CALLED
WORD FORMATION
‘COMPOUNDS’.
PROCESS IN WHICH
‘COMPUND WORDS’,
TWO OR MORE
OR ‘COMPUNDING’
LEXEMES COMBINE
 Compounding
FOR EXAMPLE : THE WORD BLACKBOARD,
HEARTFELT, BROTHER-IN-LAW ARE COMPOUND
WORDS

THEY ARE MADE UP OF THE ROOT OR FREE

MORPHEMES OR INDEPENDENT WORDS SUCH AS
BLACK AND BOARD, HEART AND FELT, BROTHER, IN
AND LAW, RESPECTIVELY
 COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING IS A VERY COMMON PROCESS IN MOST LANGUAGE OF THE
WORLD. IN ENGLISH, FOR INSTANCE, COMPOUND WORDS HAVE THE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:

COMPOUNDS WORDS BEHAVE GRAMMATICALLY AND SEMANTICALLY AS

‘SINGLE WORDS’

FOR EXAMPLE: BATH-ROOM, SCHOOL-BUS, WATER-RESISTANT.

COMPOUND WORDS CAN BE WRITTEN IN THREE
DIFFERENT WAYS. FOE EXAMPLE:

Open style, i.e,, with a space between the parts of the compound;
e.g., toy store, diving board, flower pot.

Hypheyphenated style, i.e., with a hyphen (-) separating the

elements of the compound; e.g., flower-pot, air-brake, she-pony.

Solid style, e.g., without a space or hyphen between the

component elements of the compound; e.e., flowerpot,
washrooms, pickpocket.
 FOLLOWING ARE A FEW POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS HOW
WORDS ARE COMBINED TO MAKE NEW WORDS :

n+n = n; e.g
adj.+ n = n, e.g.,
sunrise, dancing v + n = n; e.g.,
darkroom,
girl, hand-shake, call-girl, dance-
highbrow
air-conditioning, hall
(cultured)
cigar smoker

pronoun + n = n;
n + adj. = adj.; e.g., she-pony, he- prep. + n = n
e.g., airsick, goat e.g., onlooker,
bottle-green prep. + v = v; off-day etc.
e.g., overtake,
undergo
 BLENDING

BLENDING IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY NEW WORDS

ARE FORMED BY COMBINING PARTS OF TWO
WORDS, USUALLY THE BEGINNING OF ONE WORD
AND THE END OF ANOTHER
 EXAMPLES OF BLENDING :

smoke + fog = smog european + television = eurovision

breakfast + lunch = brunch multiple + university = multiversity

helicopter + airport = heliport news + broadcast = newscast

 ACCORDING TO QUIRK ET AL. (1985), ACRONYM,
CLIPPING AND BLENDING ARE THREE HIGHLY
PRODUCTIVE WAYS IN WHICH ABBREVIATION (I.E.,
THE SHORTENING OF WORDS) IS INVOLVED IN
ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION
 CLIPPING
Clipping is the process whereby new words
are formed by shortening other words, i.e.,
by eliminating the initial part, the last part,
or both parts, of those words
 EXAMPLES OF CLIPPING

• phone from (tele)phone

• plane from (air)plane
• exam from exam(ination)
• flu from (in)flu(enza)
 AT T E N T I O N !
• Remember that the short form or clipping
represent the word in its entirety.
• Also, the clipping may not used in the same
context as the longer words.
• The word exam is mostly used to refer to
academic examination or test, not to medical
examinations or check-ups,
 TONE OF INFORMALITY

CLIPPED FORMS GENERALLY SHOW

FOR EXAMPLE:
A CERTAIN TONE OF INFORMALITY,
WHICH IS OFTEN REFLECTED IN ‘SHOWBIZ’ FOR
THEIR SPELLINGS ‘SHOWBUSINESS’

‘CAUSE’ (‘CUZ’ OR ‘PRAPS’ FOR

‘COS’) FOR ‘PERHAPS’
‘BECAUSE’
 NOTE ABOUT CLIPPING
Note that in some cases the spelling is adapted to
suit the pronounciation of the original word. For
example:
• mike as in mike for ‘microphone’
• Mike as Mike for ‘Michael’
• nark as nark for ‘narcotics’
• bike as bike for, ‘bicycle’
BACKFORMATION
IT REFERS TO A
SPECIALIZED TYPE
OF REDUCTION
PROCESS IN WHICH A
WORD OF ONE TYPE
(USUALLY A NOUN)
IS REDUCED TO
FORM ANOTHER
WORD OF A
DIFFERENT TYPE
 FOR EXAMPLE :

FROM NOUN TO VERB

NOUN VERB

DONATION DONATE

BEAUTY BEAUTIFY

REVISION REVISE

CREATION CREATE
 FOR EXAMPLE :

FROM VERB TO NOUN

VERB NOUN

EDIT EDITOR

TELEVISE TELEVISION

FORM FORMATION

PLAY PLAYER
 CONVERSION
Conversion or zero derivation is the process by which new
words are created by using a word in new function (i.e., by
shiftinng, changing, or converting its original grammatical class
to another class), without any change in its form or without
changing its form.
 Example-1: ‘Water’ used as a ‘noun’

When the word water is used in the following sentence:

“Give me some water, please.”
It is used as a noun, which probably its original (and more
commomn) use.
 Example-2: ‘Water’ used as a ‘verb’

But when the word water is used in the following sentence:

“The children water the plants every morning.”
It is used as a new syntantic function, namely, as a verb, and no change
in spelling or pronounciation has been made.
• Note: in other words, the grammatical category of word water has
shifted from noun to verb.
 Example-3: ‘Walk’ used as a ‘verb’

Another example of this process is the use of word walk in the

following sentences:
• If the shop isn‘t too far away, we can walk over there.
• He can easily walk to the shop.
 Example-4: ‘Walk’ used as a ‘Noun’

I take a walk around the block every evening.

Let us have a walk around together.

 NOTE:

As we can see, the

In the first two In the next two very same word
sentences (example sentences (example walk, without
no.3), walk is used no.4), walk is used undergoing any
as a verb (probably as noun. change in its
its most common spelling or
use). pronounciation,
passed from verb to
noun.
 For examples:

NOUN VERB

ABUSE /-S/ ABUSE /-Z/

In the process of
RELIEF /-F/ RELIEVE /-V/
conversion, among the
pronounciation are the ADVICE /-S/ ADVISE/-Z/
following:
HOUSE /-S/ HOUSE /-Z/

USE /-S/ USE /-Z/

BELIEFE /-F/ BELIEVE /-V/

 ACRONYMS
ARE THE WORDS WHICH ARE FORMED
FROM THE INITIAL LETTERS OF A SET
OF OTHER WORDS OR A SENTENCE.
 TYPES OF ACRONYMS

according to quirk et al. (1985), there are two main types of

acronyms, namely :

i. acronyms which are pronounced as a word

acronyms which are pronounced (separately) as sequence of letters

(also called ‘alphabetisms’)
TYPE-1 ACRONYMS PRONOUNCED AS A WORD

NASA = National UNESCO =

Aeronautics and Space United Nations
Administration Educational,
Scientific and
Cultural
Organization
 TYPE-2
ACRONYMS
PRONOUNCED AS SEQUENCE OF LETTERS

VIP FYI

VERY IMPORTANT FOR YOUR INFORMATION

PERSON
 Derivation
(as one of the Word- Formation Processes)

Affixes

Prefixes Infixes
Suffixes
 Derivation

It is made by means They are known

Derivation is a part
of many small bits as Affixes
of bound
of the English
morpheme.
language which are
not usually given
separate listings in
dictionaries.
 Affixes
Affixes are bound morphemes. They re letters generally
added to the beginning or end of a root word or inserted
within a word to change its meaning.
 Affixes:
Infix
An infix is a word
Suffix element that can be
Prefix
A suffix is added to inserted within a word.
A prefix is added to
the end of a root • Infixes are
beginning of a root
word. relatively very rare
word.
in English
Example: without, • You can find them
Example: Unhappy,
fearless, quickly, in some plural
dislike, rewrite,
playing, etc. forms of words.
disappear, etc.

Example: cupsful,
spoonsful, passersby,
THANK YOU
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