Discipline of

Communication
Q2 Diass week 2 module 2( Discipline of Communication) - LYCEUM OF THE EAST -AURORA 20 Discipline - Studocu
Discipline of Communication
⁂deals with how humans use verbal and non-verbal messages to
create meaning in various contexts. This can be from one person
to another, from person to groups, in government setting, private
sectors setting, civil society setting, school setting, community
setting to mass audiences across cultures using a variety of
channels and media.
⁂This discipline is also interested in the impact that
communication has on human behavior.
 Goals and Scope of
Communication

Principles of
Topics Communication

Elements and Level of

Communication Process
Communication
The processes that bond humans together are
founded on communication.
It is by communication that one opens up to
another and receives confirmation of some kind.
• It is a process of exchanging Information,
Ideas, Thoughts, Feelings, Emotions through
Speech, Signals, Writing, Behavior
• is a manner of passing information between
people or group for common understanding and
confidence.
• It includes the move of information from the sender
to the receiver. The receiver must understand the
meaning and message of information. It can also be
taken as the way of sharing ideas, thoughts, opinions
and views from one person to another person
Goals of Communication
https://www.slideshare.net/ZeitiHamid/purpose-of-communicationppt
Goals of Communication also referred as
objective of communication
• To motivate, educate, raise awareness and
influencing decision making to achieve target
goals
Goals of Communication

1. To get and give information

2. To persuade
3. To get action
4. To ensure understanding
5. To change behavior
6. To build relationship
Scope of Communication
The Scope of Communication | PPT (slideshare.net)
Principles of Communication
https://selffa.com/communication-goals/
Clear/Clarity

• Clear communication means your intended

message should be unambiguous. Ambiguous
statements can confuse the other party plus
tamper with the connotation of the words.
 For example:
Vague statement: Mark saw a man on a hill with a
telescope.
Examination: Did Mark use a telescope to see a man on the
hill? Or was the man on the hill looking at Mark with a
telescope? Or did Mark see a man on a hill that also has a
telescope on it?
A clear message: By looking through his telescope, Mark
saw a man sitting on a hill.
Concise

Concise communication means being precise and

straight to the point without any filler or fluff.
Being concise means avoiding long, redundant,
and winding sentences and using the least amount
of words possible to communicate your message.
 For example:

Redundant statement: Let me briefly

summarize the next period of four days before
you all get your free gift.
Concise message: I’ll summarize the next
four days, then hand out gifts.
Concrete

Concrete communication includes specific facts

and figures so that there is no room for
misinterpretation.
 For example:
Non-specific statement: Make sure you get that
report in this evening.

Concrete statement: The 2019 Financial

Statement Report needs to be on my desk by 5
pm.
 Correct
• Correct communication means you need to
use the right, or proper and fitting language in
your message as well as well timed.
Communicating correctly builds credibility.
For example:
Incorrect statement: I believe 1+1=2.
Correct message: It’s a fact that 1+1=2.
Consideration
• is the act of considering the speaker’s beliefs,
knowledge, background, and mindset.
• To communicate effectively, you must
consider these things and relate in some way
to the target recipient of your message.
For example, if employee Mark says to his coworker
Steve, “I’m having a hard time finishing this report,”
and Steve replies, “Well, you need to work harder,”
Steve most likely isn’t communicating considerately.
If Steve took into consideration that Mark has a
newborn baby at home, a sick wife, and a recently
passed father, he might respond considerately, “I don’t
blame you, Mark. You have a lot going on right now.
Let me know how I can help.”
Complete
• Complete communication provides all the
relevant information to the intended party.
• The relevant information will give the recipient
answers to any pertinent questions which will
allow them to make a well-informed decision.
For example,
• a doctor who communicates thoroughly will
provide a sick patient with all treatment
options so the patient can make an informed
decision on how to proceed.
• If the doctor only provided one treatment
option, the patient would not have a perceived
choice in the matter.
Courteous
• communication includes
positive and unbiased messages, as well as
terms appropriate for the recipient.
 For example:
Discourteous message: Unlike most people, I am
never wrong.
Courteous message: Everyone messes up at some
point, especially me!
Elements of Communication Process
https://www.slideshare.net/ZeitiHamid/purpose-of-communicationppt
“Elements of communication is the process of
transmitting information from a sender to a
receiver through a communication channel, with
various elements involved in encoding and
decoding the message.” Claude E. Shannon and
Warren Weaver.
 1) Sender

• The sender is a fundamental element in the

communication process.
• The communication is initiated by the sender
who creates a message or information for
sharing with others.
• The sender’s role is to effectively encode their
thoughts or information into a message that
can be transmitted through a chosen
communication channel to reach the intended
recipient(s).
• The sender plays a crucial role in ensuring that
the message is clear, purposeful, and
appropriately customized to the audience.
The elements of the sender in communication include:
•Intention
•Knowledge
•Attitudes and Beliefs
•Communication Skills
•Non-verbal Cues
•Emotional State
•Cultural Background
•Perceptions and Assumptions
These elements shape how the sender formulates and delivers their
message, impacting effective communication.
 2) Encoding
• is a process where the sender converts their
messages into a format that can be transmitted
to the receiver.
• It involves transforming concepts and mental
images into language, symbols, or signals that
the recipient can understand.
• The process of encoding is where the sender
puts their thoughts into a structured and
communicable form, allowing for effective
transmission.
 3) Message
• The message is the informational content that
the sender aims to communicate to the receiver.
• It serves as the core of the communication
process, carrying the purpose and meaning that
the sender wants to communicate.
• The role of the message is to effectively
transfer thoughts, concepts, instructions, or
emotions from the sender to the receiver,
aiming to create mutual understanding and
facilitate a specific response or action.
 4) Channel
• Within the framework of communication,
channels serve as the pathways that help
messages move from the sender to the receiver.
• These channels can be verbal or non-verbal and
can include one-to-one conversations, voice
calls, emails, business reports, social media,
video conferences, and more.
• Each channel has its unique impact on the
communication process, influencing factors such
as clarity, and the emotional connection between
the sender and the receiver.
Categories
1. Oral
•In oral communication, the sender directly
interacts with the receiver in a face-to-face
conversation.
•For example, a sales executive directly deals
with customers, allowing the sender greater
control over the interaction.
2. Written
•Messages are also transmitted in written format
between sender and receiver.
•For example, letters, memos, business
communication report, emails, notices, manuals, etc.

3. Audio/Video: The audio channel involves video

tapes, video conferences, video chats, etc.
 5) Receiver
• The receiver is a critical component of the communication
process.
• The receiver is responsible for receiving and processing the
message sent by the sender.
• The role of the receiver is to understand, analyze, and,
where necessary, respond to the message in a way that
aligns with the sender’s intent. Effective communication
relies on the receiver’s ability to decode the message
accurately and provide feedback or take necessary actions.
 6) Decoding
• Decoding is the process in the communication cycle where
the receiver interprets and understands the message sent by
the sender.
• This stage involves the receiver translating the encoded
message (originally formulated by the sender) into their
understanding and making sense of the information.
• Decoding is critical because it determines whether the
intended message is accurately received or if
misinterpretation occurs.
 7) Response
• The response element refers to the immediate
reaction or action taken by the receiver based on the
message received.
• It is the direct behavioral or verbal reply to the
sender’s communication.
• The response can indicate whether the message was
received, understood, and acted upon, but it may not
necessarily provide in-depth insights or constructive
criticism.
 8) Feedback
• Feedback in communication refers to the receiver’s
response to the sender’s message.
• It gives the sender useful insights into how the message
was received, understood, and explained. Feedback serves
as a crucial tool for improving the effectiveness of future
communication.
• It helps the sender evaluate the success of their message,
adjust their approach if necessary, and ensure that the
intended message aligns with the receiver’s interpretation.
Why is feedback important in communication?
• Feedback allows the sender to collect information about the
message from the receiver.
• It completes the communication process as the sender and
receiver interact with each other.
• Depending on positive or negative feedback from the
receiver is a good way to measure the effectiveness of
communication and make future improvements.
• Feedback helps in improving employee and management
relations as it creates a congenial atmosphere in the
workspace.
 9) Noise
• Communication noise means any disturbance or
interruption that might happen while
communicating, hampering the accurate
transmission and reception of a message.
• Several types of communication noise can
affect the clarity and effectiveness of
communication.
Some common types of communication noise include:
1. Semantic Noise: This type of noise occurs when words and symbols used in
communication are not understood in the same way by the sender and
receiver.
2. Environmental Noise: Environmental noise includes any external factors
that interfere with communication, such as loud background noises or physical
barriers that disturb the communication process.
3. Psychological Noise: Psychological noise relates to the mental and
emotional state of both the sender and receiver. It can include stress or
emotional reactions that impact the ability to process and understand the
message.
4. Physical Noise: Physical noise refers to tangible obstructions, such as a
poor-quality phone line or written text that is difficult to read.
 10. Context
• Communication does not take place in a
vacuum.
• The context of any communication act is the
environment surrounding it.
• This includes, among other things, place, time,
event, and attitudes of sender and receiver.
The Five Levels of Communication
1. Verbal Level of Communication
• This level includes our selection of words based on an
understanding of meaning between the speaker and
the listener.
• There are multiple definitions for most words, and
few of us hold the exact same meaning for each word.
• Different words evoke different images, memories,
and meaning for different people.
• The logic and reasoning of a statement or argument
(Aristotle’s logos) influence the effectiveness of the
receiving message.
• To communicate effectively on the verbal level, select
the “right” words and usage for the context of the
conversation (including moral, religious, ethnic and
religious differences).
• Be clear and concise. When possible, formulate your
thoughts to avoid rambling. This is an art in itself.
2. Physical Level of Communication
• Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) brought
the importance of visual cues in how we
communicate many people’s attention.
• Visual cues like eye contact, gestures,
movements, stances, breathing, posture, and
facial expressions influence how we feel and
communicate.
• When used with integrity, techniques like “matching
and mirroring” people’s posture and gestures (and
certain words too) can increase their receptivity of
your message.
• To communicate effectively on the physical level,
it’s helpful to physically align with others,
connecting with them in form and movement.
• It also helps to be mindful of your posture, facial
expressions, and hand gestures.
3. Auditory Level of Communication
• The sound of our voice, including the tone, range, volume, and
speed affect show our messages are received and interpreted by
others.
• For example, fast talkers will find it beneficial to slow their speech
when speaking to a thoughtful, introverted person or risk being
unheard. Also, how we enunciate, inflect, and place emphasis on
certain words affects how others interpret the meaning of what we
say.
• To communicate effectively on the auditory level, become aware of
various auditory cues, speaking to others in a manner more akin to
their own ways (another form of “matching and mirroring”).
4. Emotional Level of Communication
• Few people appreciate how our emotional states
affect what we communicate and how the
message is interpreted by the recipient. In
rhetoric, Aristotle’s pathos represents an appeal
to the audience’s emotions. Are you more
receptive to someone who is positive and life-
affirming or one who is negative and critical?
Enthusiastic or boring?
• The speaker’s emotions put the recipient in a
particular state of mind and influence how the
listener interprets what is said.
• To communicate effectively on the emotional level,
become aware of your emotional state, learning to
pause and release negative emotions before
attempting to connect with others. Words delivered
with pride, anger or fear are rarely well-received
5. Energetic Level of Communication
• Also called the psychic level, this level of
communication encompasses a vast range of
unseen factors including a person’s level of
consciousness, the frequency or harmonics of the
message, and other subtle energies. Some people
seem to have an “X factor”—a unique presence
that naturally imparts their messages to others
with greater receptivity and understanding.
• To communicate more effectively, hold the
highest intention for the other person’s wellbeing
• This requires a unique level of mindfulness gene
rally cultivated through compassion practices.
When we are centered in a state of mastery,
we’re more likely to access this psychic
dimension that holds great treasures of insights
into others, helping us communicate with greater
ease.
Bringing all the Levels of Communication Together The verbal level
is the content; it’s what we say. The physical, auditory, emotional,
and energetic levels represent how we convey a message. These
levels of communication are interdependent, as each level affects the
other.
For example, our emotional state affects our body language and our
overall field influences our emotional state. Simply becoming aware
of these various levels can be beneficial. When we see the
complexities inherent in human communication, we can be made
more patient in our speech and more compassionate towards others
and ourselves.
Levels of Communication Process
Communication involves the interactions between and among
people. The prefix inter- signifies reciprocity, being carried between,
and shared or derived from two or more. This means that a
meaningful communication entails a two- way principle, mutuality,
and influence or being acted upon. Therefore, "inter + action means
reciprocally influencing or affecting each or one another.
Communication as such takes place on several levels. There is the
face-to-face communication and the mediated communication,
which may take the form of print such as newspapers, newsletters,
and other written forms, or non-print using electronic equipment
such as computer technology, TV, radio,
1. Intrapersonal Communication
• This refers to communication that occurs within us. This
involves feelings thoughts, and the way we look at
ourselves.
• The self is the only sender and receiver. The channel is
your brain.
• The feedback is in the form of talking to oneself or
discarding certain ideas and replacing them with others.
• Intrapersonal communication is an inside
communication process taking place within the
individual.
• This includes thought process speaking aloud
or writing to oneself as when one is writing in
the form of prayer, meditation.
2. Interpersonal Communication
• The communication that Occurs on one-to-one
basis usually in an informal, unstructured
setting is interpersonal communication.
• Messages consist of both verbal and non-verbal
symbols. The most channels are sight and
sound.
Interpersonal communication involves two persons or a
small group such as family. The number of participants
define interpersonal communication.
Category of Interpersonal communication:
1. Direct interpersonal communication involves face-to-
face communication between or among the
communication between or among the communicators.
2. Mediated interpersonal communication involves the
use of technology such as telephone or internet.
3. Intercultural Communication
• This is an interpersonal communication that occurs
between or among members of different cultures or
people who are enculturated differently.
• This is more apparent between persons coming from
two different cultures of up bringing but it can also
be among people of the same culture but brought up
in different times or cultural contexts
4. Interviewing
• Interviewing makes use of a series of questions and
answers usually involving two people or groups.
• Its purpose is to obtain information on a particular
subject. In an interview, communication takes place
verbally in a face-to-face setting, and a lot of non-
verbal information are exchanged. Feedback is
very high and instant and drives the conversation.
Dyadic communication - when two persons are
actively participating.
5. Small Group Communication
• Small group communication occurs when a small group of
people meets to solve a problem.
• There is cooperative thinking; there is a specific purpose.
• Communication process in small groups is more
complicated than in interpersonal communication.
Group communication - when there are three or more
persons actively participating in face-to-face and able to
present immediate response or feedback, such as meeting or
in a class session.
6. Mass Communication
• The sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (speech)
to an audience in a highly structured manner. Additional
visuals may be used. Mass Communication involves the
transmission of message to large audiences using
technology of communication.
Public communication - includes a large group
such as a public lecture or church ceremony. In
such situations there is a source who delivers a
message in a monologue style and feedback is
minimal or with limits
Five Levels of Communication (includes 2 Different Models) (sc
ottjeffrey.com)
Thank you
 9 Elements of Communication Process With Examples & Compo
nents (clearinfo.in)

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