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    Chapter 7 Quality Planning Tools

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    Omar Katog
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    Chapter 7 Quality Planning Tools

    Uploaded by

    Omar Katog
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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views19 pages

    Chapter 7 Quality Planning Tools

    Uploaded by

    Omar Katog
    good

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Chapter 7

    Tqm and
    planning tools
    • Identify quality tools for planning.

    OBJECTIVES • Illustrate application of each quality planning tools.


    • Apply planning tools in quality problems.
    KAROU ISHIKAWA
     Professor of engineering at Tokyo University in
    the 1960s and 1970s and the inventor of “quality
    circles.”
     Suggested the 7 basic quality tools.
     Advocated teaching basic tools to every member
    of a company as a means to making quality
    endemic throughout the organization.
    CAUSE AND EFFECT / FISHBONE DIAGRAM
    First used by Ishikawa in the
    1940’s, cause and effect
    diagram, also known as a fish-
    bone diagram.
    Identifies the underlying
    symptoms of a problem “effect”
    as a means of finding the root
    cause.
    Its function is to identify the
    factors that are causing an
    undesired effect (defects) for
    improvement action, or to
    identify the factors needed to
    Four m’s Four p’s Identification of
    significant
    • Method • Policies factors is often
    • Manpower • Procedures an introduction
    • Material • People to the statistical
    • Machinery • Plant design of
    experiments.

    fishbone
    Details 3. List the major
    causes of the
    1. Identify first the problem on the
    problem spine of the fish.
    2. Write it in the box 4. You can now
    (head of the fish) resolve the
    identified problem
    Pareto chart
    Alfredo Pareto, an economist who
    noted that a few people controlled
    most of the nation’s wealth.
    Pareto’s Law has also been applied to
    many other areas, including defects,
    where a few causes are responsible for
    most of the problems.
    Pareto Principle, based upon the
    principle which states that 80% of a
    problem is attributable to 20% of its
    causes, or inputs.
    c h a r t
    r e t o  A vertical chart with
    Pa  Organizes and displays items organized in order
    information in order to from the highest to the
    demonstrate the relative lowest, relative to a
    importance of various measurable effect such
    problems or causes of as frequency, cost and
    problems. time

     Pareto chart helps prioritize quality problems


    and separate the ‘vital few’ problems from
    the ‘trivial many’ by plotting the frequencies
    and corresponding percentages of a
    categorical variable, which shows how to
    focus efforts and resources.
     Also known as data
    collection sheets and tally
    charts.
     Non-statistical and
    comparatively easy.
     Captures data in manual,
    reliable, formalized way so
    that decisions can be made
    based on facts.

    Check sheets
    Data is collected and
    o An organized way ordered by adding tally Decisions can be based
    of collecting and or check marks against on facts rather than
    structuring data, its predetermined anecdotal evidence.
    purpose is to categories of items.
    collect the facts in
    the most efficient
    way.
    o Ensures that the
    information Check sheet items
    collected is what should be mutually It simplifies the task of
    was asked for and exclusive and to cover analysis.
    that everyone is all reasonable
    doing it the same categories.
    way.
    histogram It is a form of bar chart, used to measure
    the frequency distribution of data that is
    normally grouped together in ranges or
    “bins”. Also, they are used to tell the
    different regularity of occurrence in long
    lists of data.
    histogram
    Evaluates the shape and central tendency of
    data, and to assess whether or not the data
    follow a specific distribution such as the
    normal distribution.

    Minimum of 50-75
    Shows patterns that
    data points should be
    Provides an effective fall within typical
    collected to guarantee
    visual means of doing process conditions
    sufficient number of
    so
    data points have been
    gathered.
    Control chart
    Focuses on monitoring performance
    over time by looking at the variation in
    data points and distinguishes between
    common cause and special cause
    variations.
    Plotting the data
    Dating back to the
    work of Shewart
    and Deming, there
    are several types
    Con t r o l against pre-defined
    upper and lower
    control limits, it can be
    determined whether
    the process is steady

    a r t
    of control chart.

    ch
    and under control

    It demonstrate
    The Dow Jones when the data is
    Industrial consistent or when
    Average is a there are high or
    good example of low outliers in the
    a control chart occurrences of data

    Practically
    complex Monitors
    statistical tools processes that
    that measures are in control,
    how a process using means and
    changes over ranges
    time
     Control charts are the most complicated
    of the basic tools of TQM, but are based
    on simple principles.
     Control limits are values that sample
    measurements are not expected to
    exceed unless some special cause
    changes the process.
     A sample measurement outside the
    control limits therefore indicates that the
    process is no longer stable, and is
    usually reason for corrective action.
    Scatter diagram
     Used to identify whether there is
    a relationship between two
    variables.
     It does not prove that one
    variable directly affects the
    other, but is highly effective in
    confirming that a relationship
    exists between the two.
     Variables represent cause and
    effect.
    Scatter diagram

    • A graphical representation of how one variable changes with respect to another.


    • The variables are plotted on axes at right angles to each other and the scatter in
    the points gives a measure of confidence in any correlation shown.
    Flow  Visual representation of a process
     Used to piece together the actual

    chart
    process as it is carried out, which quite
    often varies from how the process owner
    imagines it is.
     Seeing it visually makes identifying
    both inefficiencies and potential
    improvements easier.
     Determine where the bottlenecks or
    breakdowns are in work processes.
     Also, used to show changes in a process
    when improvements are made or to
    show a new work flow process.
    Flow chart
    Danger in flow charting Another step is that the
    is the use of assumed or steps plotted may not be

    01 desired steps rather than


    actual process steps in
    making the chart.
    03 under the control of the
    user.

    Sometimes called a
    The utility of the chart
    02 04
    process map, can be used
    will correlate directly to to help the company
    its accuracy. model its process.
    e s t i ons?
    Qu

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