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    History of Microbiology 1

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    Abhishek Jha
    This document provides a history of microbiology, covering important figures from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbes in the late 1600s using self-made microscopes, to modern uses of microbes in areas like genetic engineering and gene therapy. Some of the key developments discussed include Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease in the 1800s, Robert Koch's postulates of disease transmission in the 1880s, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, and the work of Watson and Crick in determining DNA's structure in the 1950s. The document traces the evolution of microbiology from its earliest observations of microorganisms to modern applications of microbes in biotechnology and medicine

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    History of Microbiology 1

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Jha
    9 views40 pages
    This document provides a history of microbiology, covering important figures from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbes in the late 1600s using self-made microscopes, to modern uses of microbes in areas like genetic engineering and gene therapy. Some of the key developments discussed include Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease in the 1800s, Robert Koch's postulates of disease transmission in the 1880s, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, and the work of Watson and Crick in determining DNA's structure in the 1950s. The document traces the evolution of microbiology from its earliest observations of microorganisms to modern applications of microbes in biotechnology and medicine

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    This document provides a history of microbiology, covering important figures from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbes in the late 1600s using self-made microscopes, to modern uses of microbes in areas like genetic engineering and gene therapy. Some of the key developments discussed include Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease in the 1800s, Robert Koch's postulates of disease transmission in the 1880s, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, and the work of Watson and Crick in determining DNA's structure in the 1950s. The document traces the evolution of microbiology from its earliest observations of microorganisms to modern applications of microbes in biotechnology and medicine

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    9 views40 pages

    History of Microbiology 1

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Jha
    This document provides a history of microbiology, covering important figures from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbes in the late 1600s using self-made microscopes, to modern uses of microbes in areas like genetic engineering and gene therapy. Some of the key developments discussed include Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease in the 1800s, Robert Koch's postulates of disease transmission in the 1880s, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in the 1920s, and the work of Watson and Crick in determining DNA's structure in the 1950s. The document traces the evolution of microbiology from its earliest observations of microorganisms to modern applications of microbes in biotechnology and medicine

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    History of Microbiology

    DR RAJANI SHRESTHA
    MBBS, MD (MICROBIOLOGY)
    DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
    Microbiology

    Microbiology
     Study of microorganisms
    Microbes or Microorganisms
     Commonly referred to as “germs” or “bugs”
     Include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
     Prions (“infectious proteins”) are recent addition.
    Branches of Study

     Bacteriology

     Mycology

     Virology

     Parasitology

     Immunology
    MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

    • Study of microbes that infect humans, the disease they cause and
    their diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

    • Microbiologists determine the type of microorganism causing the


    disease and find a drug, usually an antibiotic, to inhibit the
    microorganism.

    • Microorganisms are studied in clinical hospital laboratories,


    reference laboratories, and research facilities.
    ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

    First microbiologist

    • He was the first Person, who


    invented the microscope and
    discovered the microbial world.
    • He used to grind lenses and made
    microscopes as a hobby.
    • Magnify objects about 200-300
    times.

    • With his microscopes,


    Leeuwenhoek observed a variety
    of things like rain water, pond
    water and scrapings from his own
    teeth.
    • He made accurate sketches and
    communicated his findings to
    “Royal Society of London”.
    • He discovered in a field of biology
    • Bacteria(1674)
    • Cell vacuole(1676)
    • Spermatozoa(1677)
    Father of Bacteriology and protozoology.
    Before AntonieVan Leeuwenhoek
    Robert Hooke(1665)
    Magnification: 270X

    Hans and Zacharias Jansen(1590)


    -magnification: 9x with blurred image

    Was the first to use a lens to


    observe the smallest unit of
    tissues called “cells.”
    And now:

    Transmission Electron Scanning Electron


    Microscope Microscopy
    Louis Pasteur
     ‘Father of Modern Microbiology’
    (1822-1895)
     Professor of chemistry in France.
     Discovered the principles of
    vaccination, microbial fermentation
    and pasteurization.
    • He had proposed the principles of fermentation for preservation of
    food.

    • Introduced sterilization techniques and developed steam sterilizer, hot


    air oven and autoclave.

    • Vaccination against rabies, anthrax and cholera vaccine.

    • Postulated “Germ theory of disease”.


     No growth: Swan Neck shaped Tubes because dust and germs had been trapped on
    the walls of the curved necks.
     but if the necks were broken off : Microbial growth

     In 1897, Pasteur suggested that mild heating at 63°C for 30 minutes rather than
    boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste
    of the product, the process was called Pasteurization.
    History

    1885 - Vaccine against Rabie


     RABIES VACCINE: A nine year old boy severely bitten by
    a rabid dog.
    Given a course of 13 inoculation of infected cord vaccine by
    Pasteur.
    The boy survived.
    This dramatic event was a milestone in the development of
    medicine.

    Cholera vaccine:
    Joseph Lister

     1867 pioneer of Antiseptic Surgery


    Joseph Lister

    Father of Modern surgery


    • Used carbolic acid, a chemical antiseptic to sterilize the surgical
    instruments and clean wound.

    • Postoperative infections were greatly reduced by using disinfectants such


    as diluted carbolic acid during surgery to sterilize the instruments and to
    clean the wounds.

    • He instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves


    and wash their hands before and after operations with 5% carbolic
    acid solutions.
    Edward Jenner

    • 1796 – Father of Immunology


    • First vaccine (smallpox)
    THE FIRST VACCINATION

    • In May(1796), Sarah, consulted Jenner about a rash on her hand.

    • Diagnosed cowpox rather than smallpox and Sarah confirmed : Gloucester cow called
    Blossom, recently had cowpox.

    • He made a few scratches on one of James' arms and rubbed into them some material fro
    one of the pocks on Sarah's hand. A few days later James became mildly ill with cowpo
    • The cowpox would now protect James from smallpox.
    Edward Jenner

    • Father of Immunology

    • Developed the first vaccine of world, the small pox vaccine.

    • Used cowpox virus (Variolae vaccinae) to immunize children against


    smallpox from which the term ‘vaccine’ was derived
    Robert Koch

    • 1884: Koch’s Postulates of Disease Transmission


    • Founder of modern bacteriology
    •Development of Techniques for studying microbial techniques

    •Agar (Fannie and Walter Hesse)

    •Petri dish( Richard Petri)

    •Introduced solid media for culture of bacteria

    •Methods of isolation of bacteria in pure culture

    •Discovered bacteria like anthrax, cholera and tubercle bacilli


    Koch’s Postulates
    The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected
    organisms but absent in healthy individuals.

    The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form.

    When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same


    disease must occur.

    The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host.
    +
    Alexander Fleming

    • 1929 Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic)


    • He made accidental discovery that the fungus
    penicillium produces a substance that destroys
    staphylococcus.

    • Penicillin(antibiotic): in the beginning of antibiotic


    era.
    Ignaz semmelweis

    • Early pionner of antiseptic procedures


    • Discovered the incidence of puerpeural sepsis
    • Proposed the practice of using chlorinated lime solution of washing
    hands
    • Awarded Noble prize (1902)
    contribution for development of life
    cycle of malarial parasite in mosquito
    • Ross developed models for the study of
    malaria epidemiology
    • Established the developmental stages of
    malaria parasites in anopheline
    Mosquitoes; and they described the
    complete life cycles of P. falciparum,
    P. vivax and P. malariae
    John Tyndall (1820 - 1893)

    He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as


    endospore.

     Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill


    these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process
    known as Tyndallisation.
    Father of chemotherapy.

    • Discovered synthetic arsenic


    compound(salvarson)
    • First effective drugs for syphillis
    • Called magic bullent(1880)
    • Development of antiserum to combact
    diptheria
    • Antitoxin and toxins in quantitative terms laid
    in foundation of biological
    standarisation(Ehrlich phenomenon )
    Frederick Griffith
    941, British
    •Discovers transformation in bacteria and establishes the
    foundation of molecular genetics.

    • He shows that injecting mice with a mixture of live,


    avirulent, rough Streptococcus pneumoniae Type I and heat-
    killed, virulent smooth S. pneumoniae Type II, leads to the
    death of the mice.

    •And Live, virulent, smooth S. pneumoniae Type II are


    isolated from the dead mice.
    • Karry B Mullis
    • He discovered a method to amplify the DNA and develop multiple
    copies by using the process of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

    • James Dewey Watson (1928) and Francis Harry Compton Crick


    (1916-2004)
    • They published a brief paper describing the structure of DNA in
    1953.
    • They described that the genetic material – DNA has a double helix
    structure.
    Modern Uses of Microbes
    • Newer techniques of bacterial isolation, identification and sterilization.
    • Tackling day to day mutation of bacteria, virus etc

     Genetic engineering makes use of molecular biology and recombinant


    DNA techniques as new tools for biotechnology.

     Gene therapy replaces missing or defective genes in human cells


    through genetic engineering.

    • Genetically modified bacteria

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