Branches & Clasification of Microbiology
Branches & Clasification of Microbiology
Branches & Clasification of Microbiology
Science
Area of Study
Bacteriology
Mycology
Protozoology
Branches of Microbiology
Science
Area of Study
Virology
Parasitology
Phycology or
Algology
Branches of Microbiology
Science
Area of Study
Microbial Genetics,
Molecular Biology
Applications of Microbiology
Microbes as synthesizers
A large complex fermentor manufactures drugs and enzymes using
microbial metabolism.
Applications of Microbiology
Applications of Microbiology
Applications of Microbiology
Microbes as Detoxifiers
A bioremediation platform placed in a river for the purpose of
detoxifying the water containing industrial pollutants.
Cellular Organization
Cellular Organization
Cellular Organization
History of Microbiology
The science of microbiology dates back only 200 years
Most important discoveries in the history of biology
occurred in 1665 with the help of a relatively crude
microscope.
Robert Hooke, observed a thin slice of cork
Reported to the world that life's smallest structural
Units were "little boxes" or "cells, as he called them.
History of Microbiology
Hooke was able to see individual cells.
His discovery marked the beginning of the Cell Theory
The theory that all living things are composed of cells.
Hooke's was capable of showing large cells,
Lack of resolution didnt allowed him to observe
microbes clearly.
History of Microbiology
The Dutch merchant and amateur scientist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
first person to observe live microorganisms through
the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he
constructed
During 1673 and 1723, he wrote a series of letters to the
Royal Society of London describing the "animalcules" he
saw through his simple, single-lens microscope.
History of Microbiology
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
Until the second half of the nineteenth century, many
scientists and philosophers believed that some forms of
life could arise spontaneously from nonliving mailer;
called this hypothetical process
spontaneous generation.
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
life could come from nonliving things,
mice from corn,
flies from bovine manure,
maggots from rotting meat, and
fish from the mud of previously dry lakes
Spontaneous generation is the incorrect
hypothesis that nonliving things are capable of
producing life.
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi (Italian physician)
A strong opponent of spontaneous generation, demonstrate
that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying
meat.
His antagonists were not convinced;
they claimed that fresh air was needed for spontaneous
generation.
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
No larvae appeared in
the gauze-covered jar, even
though air was present.
Maggots appeared only
when flies were allowed to
leave their eggs on the
meat.
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
History of Microbiology
Spontaneous Generation
Contributors
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:
(October 24, 1632 August 26, 1723)
was a Dutch tradesman and scientist.
He is known as "the Father of Microbiology and
Considered to be the first microbiologist.
He is best known for his work on the improvement of
the microscope and for his contributions towards the
establishment of microbiology.
Contributors
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:
He had learned to grind lenses, making
simple microscopes, which he used to make
simple observations.
Seemingly inspired to into more serious
research after seeing a copy of Robert
Hooke's illustrated book Micrographia
started developing his own
Microscopes.
Contributors
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:
First to see and describe bacteria (1674), yeast plants
He was also the first to record microscopic observations of
muscle
fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa,
and
blood
flow
in capillaries (small blood vessels).
Leeuwenhoek did not author any books; his discoveries came to
light through correspondence with the Royal Society, which
published his letters.
Contributors
Louis Pasteur
Contributors
Louis Pasteur
Contributors
Robert Koch
Contributors
Robert Koch
Germ Cultures
Contributors
Robert Koch
When the infected mice showed identical symptoms, Koch proved his
hypothesis correct.
Koch then sought to prove that anthrax that had no prior contact
with animals could cause the same disease when introduced to an
animal host.
Koch grew the bacilli in pure cultures over several generations; he then
showed that they could still cause anthrax in later generations.
Contributors
Robert Koch
Contributors
Koch's postulates
1. The organism must always be present, in every case of the disease.
2. The organism must be isolated from a host containing the disease
and grown in pure culture.
3. Samples of the organism taken from pure culture must cause the
same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible animal in
the laboratory.
4. The organism must be isolated from the inoculated animal and
must be identified as the same original organism first isolated from
the originally diseased host
Contributors
Robert Koch
Contributors
Joseph Lister
Contributors
Joseph Lister
known for using antiseptics in hospitals.
1. using Pasteur's knowledge about germs and their origins,
Lister used strong chemicals to kill bacteria in operating
rooms.
2. antiseptics, as they later be called, prevented the spread
of infection within hospitals.
Classification by structure
Viruses
Smallest known
infectious agents
Subcellular
microorganism
Hepatitis virus
Viruses (cont.)
Colds
Influenza
Herpes
Hepatitis
Warts
AIDS
Mumps
Rubella
Measles
Bacteria
Shape
Ability to retain dyes
Ability to grow
with / without air
Biochemical reactions
Bacillus bacterial
classification
Shape
Bacillus rod-shaped
Spirillum spiral-shaped
Virbrio comma-shaped
Spirillum bacterial
classification
Grams stain
Acid-fast stain
Biochemical reactions
Special groups
Mycobacteria bacilli
with a cell wall that
differs from most bacteria
Rickettsiae
Very small
Live and grow within
other living organisms
such as mites and ticks
Chlamydiae
Mycoplasmas
completely lack the
rigid cell wall
Protozoans
Illnesses
Malaria
Amebic dysentery
Trichomoniasis vaginitis
Protozoan
Trichomonas
vaginalis
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms
with rigid cell wall
Yeasts
Single-celled
Reproduce by budding
Molds
Large, fuzzy,
multicelled organisms
Produce spores
Superficial infections
Athletes foot
Ringworm
Thrush
Multicellular Parasites
Parasitic worms
Parasitic insects
A. Virus
___
E Tapeworm / lice
B. Bacteria
___
B Classified by shape
C. Protozoan
A Subcellular organism
___
D. Fungus
E. Multicellular parasite
Very
Good
!
Nomenclature
Italicized or underlined
Genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated
Species name is never abbreviated
A genus name may be used alone to indicate a
genus group; a species name is never used alone
eg: Bacillus subtilis
B. subtilis
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Taxonomy
The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living
things is taxonomy.*
This science originated more than 250 years ago when Carl von
Linn (Linnaeus; 17011778), a Swedish botanist, laid down the
basic rules for taxonomic categories, or taxa.
Von Linn realized early on that a system for recognizing and
defining the properties of living things would prevent chaos in
scientific studies by providing each organism with a unique
name and an exact slot in which to catalogue it.
Classification scheme
Sample taxonomy
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the formal filing system scientists use to
classify living organisms. It puts every organism in its
place and makes a place for every living organism.
The taxonomic system has three primary functions:
classification, nomenclature, and identification of species.
The eight major taxa, or groups, in the taxonomic system
are (in descending order): domain, kingdom, phylum or
division, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Taxonomy
The binomial system of nomenclature describes each
living organism by two names: genus and species.
Taxonomy groups organisms by phylogenetic
similarity, which in turn is based on evolutionary
similarities in morphology, physiology, and genetics.
Evolutionary patterns show a treelike branching from
simple, primitive life forms to complex, advanced life
forms.
Taxonomy
The Woese-Fox classification system places all
eucaryotes in the Domain (Superkingdom) Eukarya
and subdivides the procaryotes into the two Domains
Archaea and Bacteria.
The Whittaker five-kingdom classification system
places all bacteria in the Kingdom Procaryotae and
subdivides the eucaryotes into Kingdoms Protista,
Myceteae, Animalia, and Plantae.
Taxonomy
The Woese-Fox classification system places all
eucaryotes in the Domain (Superkingdom) Eukarya
and subdivides the procaryotes into the two Domains
Archaea and Bacteria.
The Whittaker five-kingdom classification system
places all bacteria in the Kingdom Procaryotae and
subdivides the eucaryotes into Kingdoms Protista,
Myceteae, Animalia, and Plantae.
Taxonomy