The Quantitative Research Design

THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
 Focuses on gathering numerical data
 Its methods highlights objective
measurements and the statistical,
mathematical or numerical analysis of
data.
 Data are collected through polls,
questionnaires and surveys
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Experimental Research
an independent variable is manipulated to determine
the effects on the dependent variables.
Example:
A teacher wants to test the effectiveness of a new
technique of teaching how to solve problems in
mathematics. Before the start of the experiment, the group
to be used is given an achievement test about the problems
to be covered. After the experimental period, the same test
in another form is given to the group as a posttest.
a. Pre-experimental research design
In this research design, a single group is usually
studied but no comparison between the same non-
treatment group is made.
a.1. Type of Pre-Experimental Design
a.1.1 One-shot case study design

- One group is exposed to treatment and
measured subsequently to
determine if there were any effects.
- There is no control group for comparison
Example:
A teacher is using a new instructional
method for his class. The class will be
measured at the end of the semester to
see if the new instructional method is
effective.
a. 1.2 One Group Pretest Posttest Study
- In design, a single case is observed
one (1) before the
treatment and one (1) after the
treatment.
- Changes in the outcome are
supposed to be the result of
the intervention or treatment.
- No control or comparison group is
employed
Example:
A teacher compares the performance of

SHS in the work immersion subject before
gaining work experience and after
completing the work immersion.
a. 1.3. Static-group comparison
- In this design, a group that has
been exposed to treatment is
compared with one that
has not.
- Observed differences between the
two groups are presumed to be a
result of the treatment.
Example:
A teacher wants to determine the

effectiveness of an intervention. He uses
two (2) groups as subjects, one (1) is
exposed to the intervention, the other is
not. He compares the posttest scores of
the exposed group against the score of
the non-exposed group.
b. Quasi-experimental research
design
In a quasi-experimental research design, the
independent variable is manipulated and the
subject are not randomly assigned to conditions
or orders of conditions.
Example:
A researcher wants to evaluate a new

method of teaching fractions to fourth
graders. He conducts the study with a
treatment group consisting of one class of
grade 4 pupils and a control group
consisting of another class of grade 4
pupils. In this study, the pupils are not
randomly assigned to classes by the
teacher.
c. True experimental Design
- In this design, the researcher has to

manipulate the variable that is
hypothesized to affect the dependent variable
that is being studied.
- In this design, research subjects have to
be randomly assigned to the sample groups.
Example:
A pharmacist has come up with a

hypothesis as to what the relationship
between Drug X and anxiety are. He
hypothesizes that Drug X causes a
reduction in anxiety. His independent
variable is Drug X while his dependent
variable is anxiety. He will manipulate the
dose of Drug X to see if it causes a
decrease in anxiety.
2. Non-experimental research
In non-experimental research, the independent

variable is not manipulated and there is no
random assignment to groups.
Non-experimental research can be descriptive,
casual-comparative, or correlational research.
a. Descriptive research
It describe the current status of an identified

variable. Descriptive research projects are
designed to provide information about a
phenomenon without doing any comparison or
findings of the relationship between variables.
Example:
Teacher A wants to determine the beliefs of the
SHS students about the Alternative Delivery
Mode.
b. Correlational research
Correlational research tries to determine the

extent of a relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data. It also seeks to
figure out if two or more variables are
connected and in what way.
b.1. Types of Correlational Research
b.1.1. Positive correlational research

A type of correlational research
comparing two (2) variables that are
statistically parallel where an increase or
decrease in one (1) variable causes a
like change in the other.
Example:
A researcher wants to find out if an

increase in worker’s salaries will increase
the prices of commodities and service and
vice versa.
b.1.2. Negative correlational research
A type of correlational research involving

two (2) variables that are statistically
opposite where an increase in one of the
variables causes another effect or
decrease in the other variable.
Example:
Researcher E is researching to determine

if the rise in goods and services will cause
a reduction in demand and vice versa.
b.1.3. Negligible or zero correlational
research
This correlational research includes two

(2) variables that are not statistically
related. This means that a change in one
of the variables may not cause a
corresponding or alternate change in the
other variable.
Example:
A researcher is researching the patience

of the affluent families.
c. Casual-comparative
It attempts to establish cause-effect

relationships among the variables.
This type of design is very similar to true
experiments, but with some key differences
because an independent variable is identified
but not manipulated by the experimenter.
Example:
Teacher E wants to know the effects of

corporal punishment on student’s
absences. He measured the frequency of
student’s absences at schools that use
corporal punishment and compared that
to schools that did not use corporal
punishment.
d. Evaluative research
- The methodical assessment of the worth of

time, money, effort, and resources spent to
achieve a goal.
- The process of evaluative research consists of
data analysis and that involves collecting data
about organization, processes, projects,
services, and/or resources
- Evaluative enhances knowledge and decision-
making and leads to practical applications.
Example:
A company launches a new program. It

wants to see if the program produces the
intended outcomes.
Strength of Quantitative Research
1. Fast speed data collection (sampling

methods)
2. Findings can be generalized (if the sample is
from a population)
3. Easy to analyze data (use of statistical data)
4. Consistent and reliable data (use of research
manipulation – experiment, surveys, etc.)
5. Can be anonymous (for sensitive topic)
Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
1. Requires a large number of respondents
2. Costly and expensive
3. Secondary data may be unavailable
4. Many information is difficult to answer
(sensitive topic)
5. More structured research instruments
Writing the research design in your
research
You need to discuss the specific research
design you have selected.
You need to argue for the appropriateness of
the research design to answer the research
questions.
Remember:
In writing the research design, the
procedural part of the design, its appropriateness
to the study and some of its disadvantages should
be given attention and should be well discussed.

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THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

a.1.1 One-shot case study design

A teacher compares the performance of

A teacher wants to determine the

A researcher wants to evaluate a new

- In this design, the researcher has to

A pharmacist has come up with a

In non-experimental research, the independent

It describe the current status of an identified

Correlational research tries to determine the

b.1.1. Positive correlational research

A researcher wants to find out if an

A type of correlational research involving

Researcher E is researching to determine

This correlational research includes two

A researcher is researching the patience

It attempts to establish cause-effect

Teacher E wants to know the effects of

- The methodical assessment of the worth of

A company launches a new program. It

1. Fast speed data collection (sampling

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