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    Iskander Mirza (Auto-Saved)

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    Iskander Mirza served as President of Pakistan from 1955 to 1958. He imposed martial law in October 1958, citing political instability and constant disagreements between politicians. However, there was growing tension between Mirza and Army Chief Ayub Khan. On October 27th, 1958, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and exiled him, becoming President and Chief Martial Law Administrator himself and beginning his rule over Pakistan.

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    Iskander Mirza (Auto-Saved)

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    Iskander Mirza served as President of Pakistan from 1955 to 1958. He imposed martial law in October 1958, citing political instability and constant disagreements between politicians. However, there was growing tension between Mirza and Army Chief Ayub Khan. On October 27th, 1958, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and exiled him, becoming President and Chief Martial Law Administrator himself and beginning his rule over Pakistan.

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    Iskander Mirza served as President of Pakistan from 1955 to 1958. He imposed martial law in October 1958, citing political instability and constant disagreements between politicians. However, there was growing tension between Mirza and Army Chief Ayub Khan. On October 27th, 1958, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and exiled him, becoming President and Chief Martial Law Administrator himself and beginning his rule over Pakistan.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    39 views14 pages

    Iskander Mirza (Auto-Saved)

    Uploaded by

    ahraaraamir
    Iskander Mirza served as President of Pakistan from 1955 to 1958. He imposed martial law in October 1958, citing political instability and constant disagreements between politicians. However, there was growing tension between Mirza and Army Chief Ayub Khan. On October 27th, 1958, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and exiled him, becoming President and Chief Martial Law Administrator himself and beginning his rule over Pakistan.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Iskander Mirza

    1955-1958
    Iskander Mirza 1955-1958
    •Background:
    • Man of Action
    • Major General, Served in the British Army
    • Defence Secretary in LAK’s Government (1947-50)
    • One of the 5 members selected for GM’s cabinet who were not members of the NA
    • May 1954: Governor of East Pakistan (ruled with an iron fist)

    •1955:
    • Becomes acting GG after GM steps down
    • Dismissed Bogra and makes ambassador to the USA again
    • Appoints Finance Minister, Chaudhry Mohammad Ali as Prime Minister, tasked with making a
    constitution.
    • While he was still acting governor - general, Mirza passed on order establishing the unified
    province of West Pakistan, known as the 'One Unit' scheme.
    One Unit Scheme (1955-1970)

     Passed on 5th Oct 1955


     West Pakistan plus 10 princely state will comprise one province, East Pakistan will be
    the other province.
     In 1955, EP population was 45 million vs West Pakistan 37million

    Reasons:
     Greater administrative efficiency and economic efficiency will bring rapid development

     Step towards united country, instead of loyalty to provinces


    One Unit Scheme (1955-1970)

    Objections:

    • East Pakistanis saw it as a means of denying them the majority of seats in the National
    Assembly and thus curtailing their majority.

    • The Sindh government protested at being merged into a larger province (of West
    Pakistan) and it was subsequently dismissed by Mirza.Cheif Minister dismissed

    • On 2nd November, 1955, the State Assemblies of Bahawalpur and Khairpur were
    dissolved.

    • Troops, were used to crush Baloch opposition to the scheme.


    THE 1956 CONSTITUTION :

    The main task given by Mirza to Chaudhry Mohammad Ali was to establish a constitution for Pakistan.
     29 Feb 1956
     1st constitution adopted by 2nd constituent assembly
     Enforced on 23rd March
    THE 1956 CONSTITUTION
    President
     PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM but with special powers to the President, who could
    declare a state of emergency and even suspend the assembly.
     Muslim over 40. (Islamisation, criticized).
     S/he to be elected by central and provincial legislatures for 5 years, with right to dissolve
    the Assembly on the PM's advice.
     Will not serve more than 2 terms
     PRESIDENT TO APPOINT Prime Minister AND CABINET but only members of National
    Assembly can be cabinet minister and Prime Minister usually from majonty party.
     No bill can be passed without his/her consent – unless forced by 2/3 majority in
    Assembly
     Ordinances (or laws) can be passed by the president
     Power to suspend fundamental rights in case of emergency
    THE 1956 CONSTITUTION
    Prime Minister:
     Member of National Assembly, appointed by President
     Chooses Cabinet, members must be from NA.

    Cabinet:
     Members of the NA
     Role: Advisory to the President

    National Assembly:
     One house parliament or national assembly (unicameral legislature).
     300 members elected by adults over 21 years
     2/3 majority in assembly required to change
    THE 1956 CONSTITUTION
    Provincial Assembly:
     300 members
     Parity, or equal seats in Assembly, between East and West Pakistan - this cause
     Provincial autonomy (the two provinces to have their own assembly and governor)

    Others:
     The country was declared as 'the ISLAMIC republic of Pakistan." No law was to be in conflict with
    Islam.
     Equality of all citizens (Islamic democracy)
     Judiciary to be independent.
     Pakistan to remain in the commonwealth. This would provide a platform for issues like Kashmir
    and also be a source of financial aid.
     Urdu and Bengali were national languages
    THE 1956 CONSTITUTION
    The good:

     Compromise between United Front and ML, UF dropped demand of equal seats and
    didn’t demand full provincial autonomy
     As a result - Languages both Urdu and Bengali

    The bad:

     Criticized by liberals, the Islamic clauses


    Other Actions / Modernization:

     Industrialization and Rural development program

     Karachi airport completed in 1955

     Steps taken to improve railway

     Telephone system expanded

     Measures taken to uplift health and education services (critics say that these were
    exaggerated)
    Problems: (Why was martial law imposed?)
    Economic: (East Pakistan)

     East Pakistan remained poor- cyclones and flood led to food shortages 1955
     Political leaders and decision making was in the hands of West Pakistan leading to resentment

    Political Instability Drama 2:

    (PM # 1 )August 1956 :

     Talks between the President, Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali, and East Pakistan leaders
    led to political crisis and the resignation of Chaudhry Mohammad Ali
    Problems: (Why was martial law imposed?)
    Political Instability Drama 2:

    (PM # 2) September 1956: Hussain Shaheed Subrawardy

     He was from East Pakistan and it was hoped that the appointment of a Bengali Prime Minister
    would help to diffuse the issues between the 2 wings.
     But ! Suhrawardy wanted to assert control and take decisions.
     October 1957: IM demanded HSS resignation . HSS challenged the order by volunteering to get a
    vote to prove his majority in the assembly, but he was ignored by Mirza.

    (PM # 3) October 1957: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigarh

     Shortest tenure – 55 days


     Vastly different politicians couldn’t agree on major issues
    Problems: (Why was martial law imposed?)
    Political Instability Drama 2:

    (PM # 4) December 1957 – Oct 1958: Feroz Khan Noon

     Had a large Cabinet of Ministers, politicians from all different parties to give voice to everyone
     But they failed to agree upon anything -created even more discord
    Problems: (Why was martial law imposed?)
    7th October 1958,:1st Martial Law declared!

     IM had lost support of many of the leading politicans ,alarmed by a plot by HSS to unite the leaders
    of Punjab and Bengal against him, IM turns to Ayub Khan for help.
     Mirza abrogated (or ended) the constitution of 1956, dissolved assemblies , using the constant
    disagreements as a reason.
     Proclaimed martial law with himself as President and General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law
    Administrator.
     However many disagreements between AK and IM.

    27th October 1958:


     Mirza was forced to give up the title of president and was exiled to London, by Ayub Khan.
     Ayub Khan now assumed the roles of President and Chief Martial Law Administrator.

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