ENVIRONMENT

AL
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 7
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this chapter, the student can:
1. Explain what is Environmental Impact Assessment;
2. Discuss the importance of environmental Impact
Assessment;
3. Discuss what is Carrying Capacity
4. Discuss importance of Solid Waste Management;
 Environmental Management
Consists of a number of interrelated elements that function
together to achieve the objective of effective environmental
management. Understanding the structure functioning of the earth,
as well as how humans fit in, is central to environmental
management. Environmental management, is a multifaceted, is
concerned with predicting future environmental changes,
maximizing human benefit while minimizing environmental
degradation. Decision making, as well as the political aspects of it,
play a significant role.
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 The process of environmental management involves:
•
Identifying the environmental desired outcomes
• Identifying the
physical, economic, social, cultural, political and technological
constraints on obtaining these outcomes • Considering
the most feasible options for achieving the desired outcomes
•Anticipating, avoiding, and
solving environmental and conservation issues

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 THE FARMED ENVIRONMENT
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
-agriculture landscape
-mountain
-man-made forest
-seas
-fish farms
-rivers and lakes
-cave THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
-beaches -individual buildings and
Natural woodland structures
-villages and townscapes
THE ENVIRONMENT -transport infrastructure, e.g,
roads and airports
-dams and reservoirs
WILDLIFE
-land-based mammals and reptiles
-flora NATURAL RESOURCES
-birds -water
-insects -climate
-fish and marine mammals -air

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 A Sustainable Relationship between Tourism and the Environment
Tourism and the environment are interdependent and closely intertwined. tourism
continues to expand, we must discover ways to enhance the interaction between tourism
and the environment and make it more sustainable. This could entail the following:

•Regulation of the Negative Impacts

•Encouraging Good Practice
•Keeping a Sense of Proportion
•Raising Awareness
amongst Tourists and the Industry Paying a Price that covers the Environmental Costs
of Tourism •Maintaining a Balance
Between Conservation and Development

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 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
An environmental management system
provides the means for you to continually plan, implement, review and improve business processes and
actions to better your environmental performance. Any effective environmental management system
uses the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) model, which embodies the concept of continual development.

Benefits of Environmental Management System

Benefit one: Enforces
sustainable action and provides sustainable profits, for long-term business success
Benefit two: Establishes a marketing advantage
Benefit three: Reduces the frequency of
environmental incidents Benefit four: Improves your businesses reputation
Benefit five: Reduces costs
Benefit six: Attracts shareholders and investors Benefit seven:
Improves your regulative performance
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 Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessments were first used in the 1960s to r environmental
awareness. An EIA is a document that is used to calculate the environmental impacts of a
planned development or construction project. EIAs are technical assessments that are
meant to aid in more objective decision-making.

Environmental Impact Assessments were given legal status in the United States in 1969,
when the National Environmental Policy Act was passed (NEPA). El are becoming more
widely used around the world. EIA is a decision-making tool that offers information on the
possible impacts of construction projects to those making the decision on whether or not
the project should be approved.

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 IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
It is the Government policy that any industrial project has to obtain EIA clearance from
the Ministry of Environment before approval by the planning commission. The following
are importance of doing environmental impact assessment:

•Make Development projects environmentally sustainable

•Reduce adverse environmental impacts
•Identify environmental impacts
on ecologically fragile landscape being
•Assess the effects of development pressures on the natural resource base as well
development projects as on the socio-cultural aspects
•Reduce the overall
environmental and economic costs of projects and
• Optimize projects benefits
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 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should contain the following:

1. Description of proposed action (construction, operation and shut down phasel and
selection of alternatives to the proposed action.
2. Nature and magnitude of the
likely environmental effects. 3.
Possibility of earthquakes and cyclones.
4. Possible effects on surface and ground water quality, soil and air
quality. 5. Effects on vegetation, wild life
and endangered species. 6. Economic and demographic factors.
7. Identification of relevant human concerns.
8. Noise pollution.
Efficient use of inputs.
9. Recycling and reduction of waste.
10. Risk analysis and disaster management.
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 The entire process of EIA is governed by eight guiding principles.
1. Participation: An appropriate and timely access to the process for all interested parties.
2. Transparency: assessment decisions and their basis should be open and
accessible.. 3. Certainty: The process and timing of the assessment
should be agreed by all participants in advance.
4. Accountability: The decision makers of all parties are responsible
for their action and decisions under the assessment process.
5. Credibility: Assessment is
undertaken with professionalism and objectivity. 6. Cost
effectiveness: The assessment process and its outcomes will ensure environmental protection at
the least cost to the society.
7. Flexibility: The assessment process should be able to deal
efficiently with any proposal and decision making situation.
8. Practicality: The information and outputs provided by the assessment
process are readily usable in decision making and planning.
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 Participants in EIA Process:
a. Proponent: Government or Private Agency which
initiates the project.
b. Decision maker. Designated individual or group.

c. Assessor. Agency responsible for the preparation

of EIS. d. Reviewer: Individual/Agency/Board.
e. Expert advisers, Media and Public, Environmental
organizations etc.
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 EIA Process in Sequence of Application:
1. Stakeholder's Involvement:
*Stakeholders' involvement occurs in various stages of EIA to ensure quality efficiency and
effectiveness. 2. Project
Screening and Scoping: *Determine necessity
for EIA requirement. *Describe various screening
criteria. Scoping determines coverage or scope of EIA. 3. Project
Design and Construction:
*Type of project under consideration. o Physical dimensions of the area being considered.
*Whether the resources will be used optically?
*Whether there is an irretrievable
commitment of land? *Whether
the project is a critical phase of a larger development?
*Whether there will be serious environmental disruptions during regularly? construction?
*What are the long-term plans of the proponent?
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 4. Project Operation:
• What provisions have been made to check the safety equipment
• How will the hazardous
waste products be handled?
•What are the contingency plans developed to cope up with the possible accidents?
• What provisions have been made for training the employees for environmental
protection? •What plans have been made for environmental monitoring?

5. Site Characteristics:
•Whether the site is susceptible to floods, earth quakes and other natural disaster?
•Whether the terrain is creating problems in predicting ground water characteristics and air
pollution etc.? •Whether the local
environment is conductive for the success of the project? How many people are likely to be displaced because of the
project? •What are
the main attributes of the local fauna and flora?
•Whether the project will interfere with the movements of fish population and important migratory animals?
•Whether historic sites are likely to be
endangered because of the project
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 6. Possible Environmental Impacts:
• What are the
possible short-term and long-term environmental impacts from the
projects during construction and after construction?

•Who would be effected because of these impacts?

7. Mitigation Measures:
•Design
system to avoid, reduce and minimize adverse impacts
•Enhance beneficial
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 9. Socio-Economic Factors:
•Who are the expected gainers
and losers by the projects?
•Where are the expected trade-offs?
• Will the project
interfere (blend, increase or reduce) with the existing inequalities between
occupational, ethnic and age groups?
10.
Availability of Information and Resources:
•Whether local and outside experts
are available to consult specific lo of the project? •Whether the relevant
guidelines, technical information and publications are available to identify
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 Importance of EIA:

•EIA is potentially a useful component of good environmental management.

•It is the Government policy that any industrial project has to obtain EIA clearance from
the Ministry of Environment before approval by the planning commission
• Make Development projects environmentally sustainable. .
•Reduce adverse environmental impacts
• Identify environmental impacts on
ecologically fragile landscape bef development projects •Assess the effects of
development pressures on the natural resource base as well as on the socio-cultural aspects
• Reduce the overall
environmental and economic costs of projects
• Optimize projects benefits
•Screening often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decisi is
made on whether or not a full EIA is to be carried out.
•Scoping is the process of determining which are the
most critical issues to study and will involve community participation to some degree. It is at this early stag
that EIA can most strongly influence the outline proposal.
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 PROCESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1. SCREENING
Determines whether a
planned construction project's environmental and social effects are important enough to warrant an EIA.

2. SCOPING
Establish the EIA's boundaries, the basis for the
assessments that will be performed at each point, the project alternatives, and public consultation.
3.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION
Evaluate the proposed project's socioeconomic and environmental
effects, as well as its alternatives, and then define mitigation steps to mitigate such impacts.

4. IMPACT MANAGEMENT
Prepare the required plans for dealing with mitigation
steps as well as other project threats like technical problems and natural disasters.

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 APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
• It helps ensure that the EIS used for decision making provides a comprehensive
picture of the important effects of the project, including issues of particular concern
to affected groups and individuals.
•It helps focus resources on the important issues for decision
making and avoid wasted effort on issues of little relevance. . It helps ensure that
the EIS provides a balanced view and is not burdened with irrelevant information.
•It stimulates early consultation between
the developer and the competent authority, and with environmental authorities,
other interested parties, and the public about the project and its environmental
impact. •It helps effective
planning, management, and resourcing of the environmental studies.

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 •It can identify other legislation or regular controls which may be relevant to
the project and provide opportunities for the necessary assessment work for
different control systems to be undertaken in parallel, thereby avoiding
duplication of effort and costs for all concerned.
•It reduces the risk of
delays caused by request for further information after submission of the
development consent application and EIS.
•It
reduces the risk of disagreement about impact assessment methods
(baseline surveys, predictive methods, and evaluation criteria) after
submission of the EIS

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 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND AUDITING
Environmental control and auditing are a form of environmental management tool that
assesses the environmental impacts of various activities against a set of requirements or
standards. Environmental audits come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the
criteria used and the audit's emphasis. Environmental auditing is used to:
• investigate •understand •identify

An environmental auditor may conduct a comprehensive and recorded review

of organization's environmental effects and produce an environmental audit
report. There are a variety of factors for conducting an environmental audit,
including environmental regulation and consumer pressure.

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 An environmental audit is a type of evaluation intended to identify
environmental compliance and management system implementation
gaps, along with related corrective actions. In this way they perform
an analogous (similar) function to financial audits.

What are the different types of environmental audits?

There are three
main types of audits which are environmental compliance audits,
environmental management audits to verify whether an organization
meets its stated objectives, and, functional environmental audits
such as for water and electricity.
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 What are their benefits?
Benefits vary depending on the objectives and scope of the audit. Environmental
auditing benefits include:

• Organizations understand how to meet their legal requirements;

•Meeting specific statutory reporting requirements;
• Organizations can
demonstrate they are environmentally responsible;
• Organizations can demonstrate their environmental policy is
implemented; • Understanding environmental
interactions of products, services & activities,
• Knowing their environmental risks are managed appropriately;
• Understanding how to develop and implement an ISO
14001 EMS; and Improving environmental performance and saving money
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 Who should complete an environmental audit?

ISO 19011:2012 Guidelines for auditing management systems

provides information regarding the choice of Environmental
Auditor. Environmental Auditors should have personal attributes,
such as ethics, open-mindedness perceptiveness and tact. They
should understand audit principles, procedures and techniques, as
well as having gained experience through conducting audits. They
should know the subject matter they are auditing against and how
this applies t different organizations.

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 WHAT IS CARRYING CAPACITY CONCEPT?
According to the WTO, the carrying capacity is fundamental for
environmental protection and sustainability.

Carrying Capacity Concept

is a maximum amount of development, use, growth, or change a site
can endure without unacceptable alternation in physical environment,
community's social public and or local economy; and without unacceptable decline
in quality experience gained by a visitor.

What is Carrying Capacity in Tourism?

Carrying capacity in tourism is the maximum number of people who can use
site without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and an
unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by visitors.
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 APPLICATION OF CARRYING CAPACITY CONCEPT
•The average length of stay;
•The characteristics of
tourist and hosts;
•The geographical concentration of tourist;
•The degree of
seasonality;
•The type of tourism activity;

•The accessibility of specific sites;

•The level of
infrastructure use and its spare capacity:
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 Dimensions of carrying capacity
The dimensions of carrying
capacity are interrelated. Therefore, it has an impact on each
other. They include:
1) Environmental carrying capacity
This relates to the most number of people who
can use the place without any damage or environment change. If
the carrying capacity exceeds it will destroy the fragile
environments. Such as flora and fauna, ecosystems, soil erosion,
and loss of endangered species.
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 2) Physical carrying capacity
It refers to the most number of people that can
be accepted by the available services and facilities. This involves the capacity of transport,
hotels, attractions, and tourist facilities. For example, if the car has a seating capacity of 5
passengers. The physical capacity of the car is 5. If it exceeds 5 passengers, it can create
discomfort.

3) Economic carrying capacity

This refers to the growth of tourism in
the area that offers economic impacts for the host people without harming the economy.
Uncontrolled or unplanned tourism causes inflation and a lack of vital commodities.
Therefore, tourism project, must be created that can provide profitable employment for
the local community.
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 4) Socio-cultural carrying capacity

This relates to the views of the local people on tourism-related

activities. The view includes the number of visitors and their
involvement in tourism activities, without any effect on lifestyle
and culture. Therefore, it is the level of tourism that helps
preserve and maintain the host socio-cultural. Such as historical
monuments, local arts, crafts, customs, traditions, as well as
values and beliefs. If the socio cultural capacity exceeds, it can
damage the historical, cultural, and building assets

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 5) Perceptual carrying capacity
This refers to the number of tourists that can be accepted at a
place without affecting the degrading quality of the destination.
Lots of people in small areas and overcrowding have mental
effects that lead to bad tourism experiences. Thus, it appropriate
to have the exact number of people at a destination. Beyond that
tourist's experience discomfort. Therefore, perceptual carrying
capacity is how visitors view destination, attitudes, and levels of
acceptance and tolerance. In fact, these perceptual views are
where tourists begin to find visits that are not acceptable

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 Factors affecting carrying capacity

1. The Tourists
Mass tourism has a greater impact on the
environment. Independent tourists have a lesser impact on tourism. Tourists who are
concerned with environmental issues will protect and prevent the environment from
destruction

For example, mass tourism can lead to littering at picnic spots; throwing polythene bags and
bottles in water bodies; collecting coral and shells from beaches.

2. Destination
The destination is one of the reasons
why people travel. A destination with easily accessible has greater impacts, especially during
peak season. example, the beach in Goa, India is overcrowded during peak season.
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 3. Local Factors
A developing
country is more prone to the negative impacts of tourism due to
the lack of technological advancement.

4. Guest-host relationship
It is an
outcome of the guest-host relationship where the local people view
tourists as superior and tries to copy their behavior.

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 Visitor and Traffic management
The main factors that affect the carrying capacity of a destination are the number of
visitors and their behavior. Therefore, to minimize the negative impact, the number of
visitors and behavior needs to be controlled.

IMPORTANCE OF VISITOR MANAGEMENT

Creating a workplace environment where your employees feel safe is highly important.
Feelings of safety and comfort are key to overall productivity and success. Your
employees will feel more comfortable knowing that any strangers or guests on- site have
been processed through a Visitor Management system and screened accordingly.

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 •Hard Measures
The aim of this method is to restrict the number of people and to regulate the usage
of visitors. To achieves this measure, a technique such as opening time, charging high
fees during peak hours, cautions signs such as not to litter or feed the animals, etc. must
be kept..

•Soft Measures
This method is achieved by influencing the behavior and attitude of the visitor However,
to influence the visitors, codes of conduct are displayed, and by educating the measures
to be taken on how to prevent the fragile flora and fauna

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CONCEPT OF ZONING
Zoning refers to
what can and cannot occur in different areas of the protected areas in terms
of natural resources management, cultural resource management, human
use and benefit, visitor use and experience, access, facilities and Protected
Area development, maintenance and operations. Through management
zoning the limits of acceptable use and development in the Protected Area
are established.

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 IMPORTANCE OF ZONING

• Zoning is an important adjunct of any town planning.

• Zoning sets apart different
areas in the town for specific purposes. . It prevents encroachment
of one zone upon another adjacent to it.
•Height Zoning regulates the
height of the buildings.
•Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public amenities
like water supply. drainage, electricity, transport etc.

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 Environmental Conservation

Environmental conservation is the protection, preservation,

management, or estoration of natural environments and the
ecological communities that inhabit them. Conservation is
generally held to include the management of human use of
natural resources for current public benefit and sustainable social
and economic utilization.

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 METHODS AND PROCESS OF CONVERSATION
a. Forest conservation

b. Soil conservation

c. Managing waste

d. Recycling

e. Reducing water consumption

f. Control consumption

g. Create public awareness

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 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
"Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid
material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer
useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary
conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease-that is, diseases
spread by rodents and insects."

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 WASTE TYPOLOGY IN HOSPITALITY SECTOR
The hotel industry has
been described as the largest user of both durable and nondurable products, and it is
anticipated that the industry will produce significant waste. The food and beverage
department generates waste in the form of packaging and food waste, aluminum cans,
glass bottles, and cooking oil, while the housekeeping department generates waste in the
form of cleaning materials and plastic packaging.

The major problems in waste management are:

•No storage of waste at source
•No waste segregation
•No
System of Primary Collection from the Doorstep No proper mechanism for disposal or
treatment
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