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HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE TITLE:COA

TITLE OF PRESENTATION:

SUBMISSION DATE:8/10/2022

SUBMITTED TO:Mr.Enatnesh M
 Content of Presentation
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1. What has been the trend in computing from the following

points of view?
 Cost of Hardware
 Size of Memory
 Speed of Hardware
 Number of Processing Elements
 Geographical Locations of System Components
 What is ASCII CODE how is the usage in computer system
2. Illustrate how floating point (decimal) numbers represent in
computer number system.
 What is Cost of Hardware?
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 What is hardware cost ? In trend computing

from the following points of view?
 Computer trends are changes or evolutions in the
ways that computers are used which become
widespread and integrated into popular thought
with regard to these systems.
 Cost of hardware-Recent hardware trends in
these areas deeply affect data management and
analysis applications.
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 In this we first introduce the development trend of the new

hardware in computation, storage, and network
dimensions.
 Hardware Cost means the price paid by the
Licensor to a third party for the item in question.
 Hardware Costs means the third-party costs
incurred by USCo in acquiring any additional
Hardware and software required.
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 “Hardware” refers specifically to electrical or

electro-mechanical devices, which often contain
firmware or embedded software.
 Hardware Costs $ Describe equipment (e.g.,
servers, workstations, routers, etc.) Interface
Costs $ Describe interface costs as listed in the RFP.
Until the 1930s the involvement of the federal
government with infrastructure projects was almost
non-existent
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 The cost of change is much higher for hardware

than for software.
 Types of hardware include:
 Monitor---for example: price ETB15,000- 20inch
 Motherboard
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 What is size of memory?
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 Size of memory
 Computers With At least 4GB's of RAM are Growing
Fast · Desktops Hold Slight Memory Edge Over
Portables.
 The kilobyte is the smallest unit of memory
measurement but greater than a byte. A kilobyte is
103 or 1, 000 bytes abbreviated as 'K' or 'KB'.
 Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored
in the storage unit. This storage capacity
is expressed in terms of Bytes.
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 Memory of a Computer is any physical device that is
capable of storing information whether it is large or small
and stores it temporarily or permanently. For example, 
Random Access Memory (RAM), is a type of volatile
memory that stores information for a short interval of time,
 Computer storage and memory is often measured
in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB). A medium-
sized novel contains about 1 MB of information. 1 MB is
1,024 kilobytes, or 1,048,576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one
million bytes. Similarly, one 1 GB is 1,024 MB, or
1,073,741,824 (1024x1024x1024) bytes.
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Characteristics of Main Memory 

 Known as the main memory.
 Semiconductor memories.
 Faster than secondary memories
 A computer cannot run without the primary
memory.
 It is the working memory of the computer.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off
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 A computer processor is made up of multiple

decisive circuits, each one of which may be either
OFF or ON.
 Types of unit of memory:
Bit,Nibble,Byte,Kilobyte,Megabyte,Gigabyte,Terraby
te etc…
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Name Equal To Size(In Bytes)

Bit1 Bit 1/8
Nibble 4 Bits 1/2 (rare)
Byte 8 Bits 1
Kilobyte 1024 Bytes 1024
Megabyte 1, 024 Kilobytes 1, 048, 576
Gigabyte 1, 024 Megabytes 1, 073, 741, 824
Terrabyte 1,024 Gigabytes 1,099, 511, 627, 776
 What is Speed of Hardware
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 Difference between Hardware and Software

 Computer Hardware: Hardware refers to the
physical components of a computer. Computer
Hardware is any part of the computer that we can
touch these parts. These are the primary electronic
devices used to build up the computer.
 Examples of hardware in a computer are the
Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer,
Keyboard, Mouse, andCPU,etc…
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 Computer Software: Software is a collection of
instructions, procedures, and documentation that
performs different tasks on a computer system.
 we can say also Computer Software is a
programming code executed on a computer
processor.
 The code can be machine-level code or the code
written for an operating system. Examples of
software are Ms Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google
Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL, etc. 
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 we can say also Computer Software is a
programming code executed on a computer
processor.
 The code can be machine-level code or the code
written for an operating system.
 Examples of software are
 Ms Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc. 
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 A hardware upgrade refers to a new hardware, or a

replacement for the old one, or additional hardware
developed to improve the performance of the
existing hardware.
  A common example of a hardware upgrade is a RAM
upgrade that increases the computer's total memory,
and video card upgrade, where the old video card is
removed and replaced with the new one.
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 Every hard disk has a certain processing speed

which varies from 4200-15000 rpm. The higher
the rpm more is the processing speed of a hard disk.
The high processing speed is used in
supercomputers.
 Hardware makers measure a CPU's clock
speed using a unit called gigahertz. A CPU
running at 3GHz processes data faster than one
running at 1GHz.
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 The speed at which data flows from the CPU to

applications also affects the computer's speed.
Computer makers call that the bus speed.
1. CPU
 It refers to the speed of your computer's central
processing unit or CPU. Often called the brain of the
computer, the CPU processes the instructions that
programmers write when they create applications.
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2. Hard Drive
 The hard drive's speed determines how long it takes
an application to access the data it needs.
3. Memory
 Your computer has two types of memory: random
access memory and read only memory.
 Computer users frequently upgrade RAM by
purchasing small sticks of memory and inserting
them into their computers.
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 Memory affects computer speed because the CPU

must move information into memory and retrieve
data from it when running applications.
 If you have a lot of memory, the CPU can move
larger chunks of it faster.
 What is Number of Processing Elements?
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 The process element defines an activity and is

the root element of a business process model.
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital
circuit within the processor that performs integer
arithmetic and bitwise logic operations.
 Each processing element, called as neuron, has a
single output and performs an activation function of
the weighted sum of all its inputs.
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 A number system is defined by the set of values that

each digit can assume and by an interpretation rule
that defines the mapping between the sequence of
digits and their numerical values.
 A process activity consists of exactly one simple or
complex activity. The process completes after this
activity completes.
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 The latest computer science trends

include artificial intelligence, edge computing,
and quantum computing.
 IT professionals are also knowledgeable about
developments in robotics and cybersecurity.
 It is generally composed of three major
elements: the processor (central processing
unit or CPU), the memory, and the input
output (I/O) devices.
 What is Geographical Information of System Components ?

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 A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a

computer system that analyzes and displays
geographically referenced information. It uses data
that is attached to a unique location.
 A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates
hardware, software, and data for capturing,
managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms
of geographically referenced information.
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 GIS allows users to view, understand, question,

interpret, and visualize data in many ways that
reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form
of maps, globes, reports, and charts
 A GIS is an organized collection of computer
hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of
geographically referenced information.
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 A working GIS integrates five key

components: hardware, software, data, people,
and methods. Hardware is the computer on which
a GIS operates.
 Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of
hardware types, from centralized computer servers
to desktop computers used in stand-alone or
networked configurations.
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 Within the realm of geographic information

technologies there are three major
components: Geographic Information Systems
(GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and
Remote Sensing (RS).
 2. What is ASCII CODE how is the usage in
computer system
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 ASCII, in full American Standard Code for

Information Interchange, a standard data-
encoding format for electronic
communication between computers.
 ASCII assigns standard numeric values to letters,
numerals, punctuation marks, and other characters
used in computers.
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 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) is the most common character
encoding format for text data in computers
and on the internet.
 In standard ASCII-encoded data, there are unique
values for 128 alphabetic, numeric or special
additional characters and control codes.
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 ASCII codes represent text in computers,

telecommunications equipment, and other
devices.
 Most modern character-encoding schemes are based
on ASCII, although they support many additional
characters. The Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this
character encoding
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 Short for American Standard Code for

Information Interexchange, ASCII is a standard
that assigns letters, numbers, and other characters in
the 256 slots available in the 8-bit code.
 The ASCII table is divided into three different
sections.
 Non-printable, system codes between 0 and 31.
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 Lower ASCII, between 32 and 127. This table

originates from the older, American systems, which
worked on 7-bit character table
 Higher ASCII, between 128 and 255. This portion
is programmable; characters are based on the
language of your operating system or program you
are using. Foreign letters are also placed in this
section
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 In computers, floating-point numbers are

represented in scientific notation of fraction ( F
and exponent ( E ) with a radix of 2, in the
form of F×2^E . Both E and F can be positive as
well as negative. Modern computers adopt IEEE 754
standard for representing floating-point numbers.
  floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic
using formulaic representation of real numbers as an
approximation to support a trade-off between range
and precision. 
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 For this reason, floating-point computation is often

used in systems with very small and very large real
numbers that require fast processing times.
 The term floating point refers to the fact that a
number's radix point (decimal point, or, more
commonly in computers, binary point) can "float";
that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the
significant digits of the number.
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 A floating-point system can be used to represent,

with a fixed number of digits, numbers of different 
orders of magnitude: e.g. the 
distance between galaxies or the 
diameter of an atomic nucleus can be expressed with
the same unit of length.
 Floating point numbers are used in VHDL to define
real numbers and the predefined floating point type
in VHDL is called real.
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 This defines a floating point number in the range

−1.0e38 to +10e38.
 Floating point numbers are used to represent
noninteger fractional numbers and are used in most
engineering and technical calculations, for example,
3.256, 2.1, and 0.0036. The most commonly used
floating point standard is the IEEE standard.
 Floating-point numbers are analogous to scientific
notation.
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THANK YOU