WATER TREATMENT PLANT

SOURCES OF WATER
S.NO SOURCE EXAMPLE QUALITY

1 Surface Water Stream, Pond, Lake, Low TDS, High SS

River
2 Ground Water Well, Mine & Spring Moderate TDS, Low
SS
3 Waste Water Effluent, Sewage Moderate TDS, High
COD & BOD
4 Rain Water Low TDS

5 Sea Water High TDS, Moderate

SS
 IMPURITIES
S.N CLASS EXAMPLE

1 Suspended Solids Silt, Dirt, clay, colloidal materials

2 Dissolved Organics Natural & Synthetic organic compounds (Detergents,

cosmetics, food, agricultural products, human excreta,
and paper products ) Humic acids, Fulvic acids

3 Microorganisms Bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae

4 Dissolved Solids Alkali Earth Metals (Be, Ca, Mg, Ba, Ra, Sr) Alkali
metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) Non metals (Carbon,
Phosphorus, Selenium, Sulphur, Iodine) Rare earth
metals (Lanthanum, Cerium) and Transition metals

5 Dissolved Gases Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen sulphide

 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

Stages Methods Impurities

Primary or Screening Micro organism

Pretreatment Disinfection Sand
Coagulation Silt
Flocculation Suspended &
Separation Colloidal particles

Secondary Ion Exchange Dissolved Ions

Treatment Reverse Osmosis
 SEA WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS UNITS VALUE
pH 7.9 - 8.35
Conductivity micro siemens /cm 65045 to 88225
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 33000 to 45000

Turbidity NTU 3 to 40
Total suspended Solids mg/l 30 to 200

Calcium as Ca mg/l 401 to 410

Sodium as Na mg/l 11176 to 16772

Iron as Fe (Total) mg/l 0.32 to 0.59

Chlorides as Cl mg/l 20022 to 25348

Bicarbonate as HCO3 mg/l 92 to 137

Carbonates as CO3 mg/l 12 to 32

Silica mg/l 0.56 to 1.35

COD as O2 mg/l 79

BOD @ 20 Deg. C for 5 days mg/l 25.5

TOC mg/l 29.6

Boron mg/l 5.5

Oil & Grease mg/l <1

Alkalinity mg/l 112 to 116
 WTP FLOW DIAGRAM
UF feed dump

pH 7.9 DAF Bypass line UF Permeate dump UF Feed Dump

TDS 45000 ppm
TSS 200 mg/l Hypo 1 X 100%
Turbidity 40 NTU Lime & FeCl3 Poly 846 M3 3 X 33 %
1X100 % 423 m3/hr each 3 X 50 %
382 m3/hr each
SC 14.3 M3 FM 14.3 M3 Clarified water
FLOC 287 M3
Sea Water tank DMF UF

1x100 % 1x100%
1000 m3

Sludge pit 500 UF Product & Backwash

M3 Tank 2000 M3
Acid, SBS & Antiscalant
Guard Pond
2 X 211 m3/hr 2 X 50 %
REJECT 359 m3 each 2 x 79.8m3 at 72.2 bar 369 m3/hr each
HP Pump 3 X 50 % SWRO prod
SWRO
CF Dump

Limest
CO2 Dozing
2 x 148 m3/hr .
211 m3 ERD

pH 7.9
one BREAK TANK pH 6.5 TDS 45000 ppm
Filter 345 m3 TDS < 500 ppm SDI <3
REJECT

SWRO FLUSHING PU MP 2 X 50 % 2 x 100 %

2 x 200 m3 2 x 38 m3/hr Condutivity 0.1 µS
1 X 100% 182
CF BWRO MB FEED Tank MB
2 x 5000 m3 DM Tank 2 x
120 m3
600 M3
BWRO FEED PUMP BWRO HP PUMP TDS<20 ppm
ESP/APH Wash 1X100% 3 X 49.5 m3 3 X 49.5 m3 2 x 100 %
PRODUCT CUM FIRE FireFighting 200 m3 2 X 68 m3/hr To Neutralization pit
WATER STORAGE Lime & CO2 Dozing
TANK
CHP DSS, Boiler b/d quenching, Hypo WTP
CMB Remineralisation Pot Tank OHT
HVAC MKP,Service water OHT, AHP , Service water Header Contactor OHT PHB
PRE TREATMENT

.
 PRETREATMENT

846 m3/Hr
Max TSS:200 ppm
Hypo
FeCl3 & lime Poly
Flow TSS <20 ppm
Control

Clarified Water Tank

Station
500 m3
DAF

Stilling Chamber Flash Mixer Flocculator

500 m3

Recirculation pumps :2 (104 M3/Hr)

Air compressor :2 (7 CFM )
Sludge disposal pumps :3 (500 M3/Hr)
Air Blowers :2 (500 Nm3/Hr)
DMF Backwash UF Backwash &
500 m3 Reject

PT sludge cum SWRO Reject sump

STILLING CHAMBER
 FLASH MIXER

o Destabilization of charged particles ( Suspended & Colloidal) is called

“coagulation”

o The chemicals usually higher valence cationic salts (Al 3+, Fe3+ etc.), are
known as coagulants
- -
-
-- - -- --- - --
- -
--- - -- - -
-- - -
 FLOCCULATOR

o Process of bringing destabilized colloidal particles together to allow them

to aggregate to a size where they will settle by gravity is flocculation

o Starch, Sodium polyalginate, Polyacrylamide etc. are examples of

flocculants.
DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATOR
 Saturation Vessel
Dissolved Air Floatator

Flocculator

Service Water
Dissolved Air Floatator
PRETREATMENT (DMF (2W+1S) & UF (2W+1S))
UF CIP Return
SWRO Feed Dump
Clarified Water Tank
UF Backwash
PT Sludge Sump
SWRO Permeate Dump

UF Module
382 M3/Hr

UF Product
DMF 423 M3/hr UF CIP Water Tank
2000 M3

UF Backwash Pumps – 2 No (1380 M3/Hr )

SWRO Feed Pumps – 3 No (406.9 M3/Hr) UF Dump to Clarified Water Tank
DMF Feed Pumps – 3 No (466 M3/Hr)
DMF Backwash Pumps – 3 No (827 M3/Hr)
 Guarantees
• DAF Net continuous operating capacity : 810 M3/Hr
• Maximum Total Suspended solids at the outlet of DAF for a maximum
of 200 ppm of inlet : : 20 ppm
• UF Net continuous operating capacity :365 M3/Hr
• Output SDI :< 3
SECONDARY TREATMENT
.
 REVERSE OSMOSIS

Pressure
Feed Water

Concentrate
Flow Fresh water

Semi-permeable
Membrane

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FILTRATION RANGE

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 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE

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 SWRO SYSTEM
RO Feed Pump
2 X 148 m3/Hr
Dump Line UF Product
water tank

SBS (1W+1S)

HCl (1W+1S)

Antiscalant 1W+1S)

HP Pump 148 m3
148 m3/Hr
369 344 m3
m3/Hr
221 m3
Cartridge Break Tank
Filter 221 m3
ERD-Pressure
5µ Exchanger
To Guard Pond
SWRO
No. Of PV per skid :31
Feed Pumps : 3 (2W+1S) 406 m3/Hr No of Elements per vessel :7
HPP : 5 (4W+1S) 79.8 m3/Hr Spiral wound poly amide
ERD :12( 4W+2S for each Stream 221 m3/Hr) Normal Operating Pressure : 59
Backwash pump: :3( 2+1 diesel driven)-210m3/Hr bar

MOC piping: H P – Duplex SS and LP- GRP

PRESSURE EXCHANGER
 Guarantees(SWRO)

# Description Unit Guaranteed value

Net continuous operating

1 capacity m3/Hr 148

2 Recovery % 40

3 TDS ppm < 500

4 Flux LMH 18
 BWRO
2X32 m3/Hr
Caustic(1W+1S)
From Break Tank
34 m3/Hr

40 m3/Hr

Cartridge Filter 5µ MB Feed water Tank

2 X 100 m3

Feed pumps :3(2W+1S)-44m3/hr Reject water BWRO Permeate Dump to

HPP :3(2W+1S)-44 m3/hr sump 100 m3 Break Tank
BWRO :6 Vessels 42 Membrane
BWRO
CIP
 TYPES OF ION EXCHANGE

o DEMINERALIZATION

Demineralization is a process in which ions (cations and

anions) are removed from water by ion exchange process to
make it suitable for industrial purposes
o SOFTENING

Softening is a process in which the hard salts in water are

replaced by soft ion i.e. Calcium and Magnesium ions are
replaced by sodium ions

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 RESIN
o Resin beads composed of an insoluble inert structural matrix and
a chemically active functional group
o The functional groups are molecules with exchangeable ions such
as H+ or OH-,
CATION RESIN

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 PROCESS REACTION
WATER WATER
CATIONS ANIONS
CATIONS ANIONS
Ca2+,Mg2+ Cl-,SO42-,
R-H+ H+ Cl-,SO42-,
Na+,Fe3+, NO3-,CO32- R-H+
R-H+ NO3,CO32-
K+ HCO3,SiO22 R-H+
R-H+ R-H+ HCO3,SiO22-
R-H+
SAC
CO2
WATER
CATIONS CATIONS ANIONS
H+
R-OH- H+ Cl-,SO42-, AIR
R-OH- R-OH-
ANIONS NO3-,SiO22-
R-OH-
OH- R-OH- R-OH-
DG
WBA+SBA
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DEMINERALISATION STREAM - DEGASSER

o The amount of gas dissolved in water is directly

proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in
the vapor space above the water/gas interface.
This is known as Henry's law.

o Another important consideration of gas solubility is

Dalton's law, which states that the total pressure
of a mixture of gases is made up of the individual
pressures of those gases

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 Mixed Bed
(2 X 67 m3/Hr 1W+1S)

Marpholene
From MB Feed tank

2X600 m3

pH : 6.8 to 7.2
Cond: <0.1µs DM Water Tank

Silica: <10ppb

Mixed Bed

MB Feed Pump :2(1W+1S)-75m3/Hr

Regenerati pump : 2(1W+1S)-20m3/Hr Neutralization pit
Npit Pump : 2(1W+1S)-50m3/Hr
NEUTRALISATION PIT
SERVICE WATER
SERVICE WATER
POTABLE WATER
THANK YOU