Chapter 3

COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF
OF NURSING
SCIENCE-,, TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
NURSING TECHNOLOGYAND
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
CHAPTER 3
INTELLECTUAL &
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION:
SCIENCE
SCIENCE ,-, TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF NURSING TECHNOLOGYAND
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Age of Enlightenment

• The age of enlightenment or the age
of reason laid down the beginnings
of the Scientific Revolution.
• This evolved on the foundation of
the ancient Greeks enhanced by the
science developed in the middle
Ages.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
The Scientific Revolution

• The scientific revolution began in Europe around c.
1400-cl toward the end of the Renaissance period,
which continued through the late periods of the 18th
century.
• This period refers to Europe developments or
movements extending over periods of at least to 185
years.
• These developments involve changing conceptual,
cultural, social, and institutional relationships
involving nature knowledge and belief.
• Built on the foundation of ancient Greek and Roman
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
eral reasons brought forth these changes in thinking ushered by the medieval peri
• There was the collaboration between the seventeenth century
scientists and philosophers with mathematical and astronomical
communities;
• Scientists devised new methods to carry out experiments for their

work;
• The legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific

philosophy served as a starting point in the initiatives of the
academe;
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
eriodization of the Scientific Revolution

• The 'Scientific Revolution', which
happened between the times of
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
to that of Isaac Newton (1642
1727), is better understood as a
periodization as developments
during this period has grown
increasingly complex.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Copernican Revolution
• This paradigm shift from the
Ptolemaic model of the heavens
claiming the Earth was stationary
in the center of the universe begun
through Nicholas Copernicus'
(1473-1543) theory that the earth
moves and that the sun is the
center of the cosmos which was
known as the Heliocentric Theory.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Keplerian Revolution
• This period marked the advancements
in theories about planetary orbits and
their motions.
• The works of Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630) explained planetary orbits which
came out on the idea of a moving earth.
• His findings were according to the use
of physics and geometry while doing
extensive research about Mars' orbit
Kepler argued and demonstrated Mars
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Galilean Revolution
• This period was greatly associated
with Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) as he
invented the telescope to observe the
heavenly bodies specifically the sun,
moon and the planets.
• Galileo's terrestrial telescope revealed
the mountains and craters of the moon
as well as the day-lit side of Venus,
which provided strong observational
evidence not only as to the existence
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Newtonian Revolution
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727) through the
'Newtonian Synthesis marked the shift
from a finite, qualitative cosmos to the
view of an infinite, quantitative universe.
• Newton united the terrestrial and celestial
bodies under a universal law of motion
and eventually displacing the traditional
belief in 'Aristotelian cosmos". Newton
argued that there is one kind of time, space
and matter, which means that everything is
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
ontributions in the Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus and the Copernican Heliocentrism
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) is a Polish mathematician and
astronomer. He was a prototype of a Renaissance man. He published his
book 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' in 1543.
• Copernicus revealed in this book his findings about the movement of the
Earth and the heavenly bodies around the sun.
• This heliocentric theory made great advancements in the views of
cosmology.
• Copernican heliocentrism is the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus
Copernicus and published in 1543. He formulated a model of the universe
where he placed the sun as the center rather than the Earth as originally
believed.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
ndreas Vesalius and Human Anatomy

• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
published in 1543 'De Humani
Corporis Fabrica' (On the fabric of
the human body in seven books)
which is a collection of books on
human anatomy.
• This is considered as a major
advancement in the history of
anatomy.
• Vesalius claimed that the circulation
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
r Francis Bacon and the 'Baconian Method'

• Sir Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) was
born in the York House, London,
England.
• He was a lawyer, statesman, leading
figures in natural philosophy and in the
field of scientific methodology in the
period of transition from the Renaissance
to the early modern era.
• In 1620, he published Novum Organum
which formulated a new system of logic
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Galileo Galilei's Contributions

• From Italy, Galileo (1564-1642) was an astronomer, a
physicist and an engineer.
• He insisted that the book of nature was written in the
language of mathematics and changed natural philosophy
from a verbal qualitative account a mathematical to one in
which experimentation became a recognized method for
discovering the facts of nature.
• Galileo improved the telescope with 30 times
magnification. This helped him make several important
astronomical observations and proved the findings of
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
ohannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion

• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) made advancements in modern
astronomy through the "Three Laws of Planetary Motion published
between 1609 and 1619. In these laws, Kepler described the motion
of the planets around the sun.
His laws stated that:
1. The orbit of planets around the sun is an ellipse (Law of Ellipses);

2. A line segment joining a planet and the sun will sweep out equal
areas in equal intervals of time (The Law of Equal Areas);
3. The ratio of the squares of the orbital period of a planet is equal to
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Robert Boyle and Modern Chemistry

• The "Father of Modern Chemistry" was
given to Robert Boyle (1627-1691) as the
pioneer in the use of experimental method .
• He was an Anglo-Irish who was regarded as
the first modem chemist; thus he was said to
be the founder of modern chemistry.
• He was also known for what is called as
'Boyle's law', which describes the inversely
proportional relationship between the
absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the
temperature is kept constant within a closed
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Paracelsus and Surgery

• Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus
von (1493-1541) was from Einsiedeln,
Switzerland.
• This German Swiss physician and alchemist
established the role of chemistry in the field
of medicine.
• His contribution to the advancements in
Chemistry and Medicine are found in his
published book 'Der Grossen Wundartzney'
(Great Surgery Book) in 1536.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
René Descartes & his Discourse

• Descartes (1596-1650) is a scientific
thinker and a modern philosopher and
a metaphysician.
• His contributions to the Scientific
Method were published in his
Discourse on the Method (1637).
• His ideas emphasized the power of
reasoning and rational thinking.
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
ntonie van Leeuwenhoek and Microbiology

• Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is a Dutch,
commonly known as the 'Father of
Microbiology.
• He pioneered work in microscopy and
microbiology through the powerful
single lens microscopes he
constructed.
• His extensive observations, which he
published around 1660 helped lay the
foundations for the sciences of
SCIENCE
AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Isaac Newton and Gravity

• An English mathematician, physicist;
astronomer is a key figure in the scientific
revolution.
• Newton (1643 1727) is best known for the
invention calculus This of infinitesimal
around 1660s brought forth the formulation
of the theory of universal gravity. He made
advancements as to the law of universal
gravitation.
• Newton's claim that mathematics can be

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COLLEGE

The Scientific Revolution

• Scientists devised new methods to carry out experiments for their

• The legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific

eriodization of the Scientific Revolution

ontributions in the Scientific Revolution

ndreas Vesalius and Human Anatomy

r Francis Bacon and the 'Baconian Method'

Galileo Galilei's Contributions

ohannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion

1. The orbit of planets around the sun is an ellipse (Law of Ellipses);

Robert Boyle and Modern Chemistry

Paracelsus and Surgery

René Descartes & his Discourse

ntonie van Leeuwenhoek and Microbiology

Isaac Newton and Gravity

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