Unit 2 - 2
Unit 2 - 2
Unit 2 - 2
molecules
• Lipids are the one class of large biological
molecules that do not form polymers
• The unifying feature of lipids is having little or
no affinity for water
• Lipids are hydrophobic becausethey consist
mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar
covalent bonds
• The most biologically important lipids are fats,
phospholipids, and steroids
Fats
• Fats are constructed from two types of smaller
molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
• Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a
hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
• A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group
attached to a long carbon skeleton
Figure 5.10
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
Fatty acid
(in this case, palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) One of three dehydration reactions in the synthesis of a fat
• Fats separate from water because water
molecules form hydrogen bonds with each
other and exclude the fats
• In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to
glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a
triacylglycerol, or triglyceride
Ester linkage
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hydrophobic tails
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Hydrophobic
tail WATER
Steroids
• Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings
• Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a
component in animal cell membranes
• Although cholesterol is essential in animals,
high levels in the blood may contribute to
cardiovascular disease
The natural steroid hormones are generally
synthesized from cholesterol in
the gonads and adrenal glands. These forms of
hormones are lipids.