MATERIALS AND METHODS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - v

• THE WORLD’S FIRST MASS PRODUCED PLASTIC HOUSE – FUTURO HOUSE

• WATER CUBE

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 BARTOSZ KOLONKO
SKI CHALET ( A SMALL HOUSE )

ARCHITECT : MATTI SUURONEN

YEAR BUILT : 1968
COUNTRY : FINLAND
LOCATION : INSTALLED ON VIRTUALLY ANY
TOPOGRAPHY.
DIMENSIONS : 4 M HIGH AND 8 M IN DIAMETER.
MATERIAL USED : FIBER GLASS REINFORCED
PLASTIC, POLYESTER POLYURETHANE AND
POLY(METHYLMETHACRYLATE) AND WROUGHT
OF METAL
FINISH : SLEEK TURQUOISE FINISH
FLOOR AREA : 50 SQUARE METERS
TYPOLOGY : OPEN PLAN

• THE RADICAL DESIGN WAS SUBSEQUENTLY

MARKETED TO THE PUBLIC AS A SMALL
PREFABRICATED HOME..
• ITS PLASTIC CONSTRUCTION AND FUTURIST
AESTHETIC COMBINED TO CREATE A
PRODUCT WHICH IS IDENTIFIABLE WITH
BOTH THE FUTURE AND THE PAST.

living, dining, and kitchen space, a restroom, andKESAR

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 DESIGN
• THE PROJECT BRIEF WAS TO DESIGN AS A SMALL CHALET WHICH LED TO
THE FUTURO HOUSE WHICH COULD BE RELOCATED FROM ITS INITIAL SITE
AS, AND WHEN, NEEDED. TO ALSO PRODUCE A DESIGN THAT WOULD BE
EASY BOTH TO TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLE IN VARYING CONDITIONS.
• A LIGHT, PREFABRICATED STRUCTURE WAS THE IDEAL SOLUTION, COULD
BE LIFTED BY A HELICOPTER
• PERFORMED WELL AS INSULATION, RETAIN HEAT IN COLD ENVIRONMENT
• MATERIAL COULD EASILY BE MOULDED INTO THE ROUNDED, CIRCULAR
FORM THAT WAS CONSIDERED CUTTING-EDGE IN THE EARLY SPACE AGE.
• LOW PRODUCTION COST AND ADAPTABILITY MADE IT AN IDEAL SOLUTION
 TO HOUSING SHORTAGES ACROSS THE GLOBE,

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 HOW
• HOUSE COMPRISED EIGHT IDENTICAL PLASTIC MODULES—FOUR ON TOP
AND FOUR ON BOTTOM
• MANUFACTURED IN 16 PIECES WHICH WERE DESIGNED TO BE
TRANSPORTED TO SITE AND BOLTED TOGETHER
• THE CABIN WOULD SIT ON A STEEL FRAME, ON FOUR CONCRETE PIERS.
• AN AIRPLANE- STYLE STAIRCASE WOULD OPEN UP FROM AN ENTRY
HATCH PANNEL.

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STRUCTURE
• THE MAIN BULK OF THE
HOUSE WAS SUPPORTED BY
A METAL RING WITH FOUR
LEGS THAT COULD BE
ADAPTED FOR UP TO A
TWENTY-DEGREE INCLINE,
OBVIATING THE NEED FOR
ARDUOUS GRADING AND
EXCAVATION BEFORE
RELOCATION.
• SUPPORT LEGS WERE
WROUGHT OF METAL,

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 National Aquatics Center
ARCHITECT : PTW ARCHITECTS
YEAR BUILT : 2007
COUNTRY : CHINA
LOCATION : BEIJING
DIMENSIONS : 180M LONG AND WIDE, 30M HIGH
MATERIAL USED : STEEL,
ETFE (ETHYLENE TETRA
FLUORO ETHYLENE)
FLOOR AREA : 7.9 ACRES
CAPACITY :17,000 SEATS
TYPOLOGY : OPEN PLAN
• WATER INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE WATER. THE
BUILDING
RESPONDED
LITERALLY TO THE
FUNCTION IT
INHABITS.
• BUILDING WITH
STRUCTURE BASED
ON SOAP BUBBLES TO
INFLUENCE THE
FEELING OF THE
BUILDING BEING
PLACED IN A BUCKET
FULL OF WATER.
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 DESIGN
• BUILDINGS FORM IS INSPIRED FROM THE NATURAL FORMATION OF SOAP BUBBLES
EFFICIENCY OF THE SOAP-BUBBLE STRUCTURE IS EXPLOITED.
• THE SURFACE OF THESE “SOAP BUBBLES” REFLECTS SUNLIGHT AND MAKES THE
BUILDING A WATERY CONTAINER GLISTENING IN THE SUNLIGHT”.

• THIS WAS DESIGNED ACCORDING TO TRADITIONAL CHINESE CULTURE AS WELL AS

MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. ANCIENT CHINESE BELIEVED THAT HEAVEN WAS
LIKE A DOME COVERING THE SQUARE EARTH. THEREFORE, THE SQUARE WATER CUBE
COMPLEMENTS THE ROUND BIRD’S NEST IN BEIJING OLYMPIC PARK, EMBODYING THIS
PHILOSOPHY.

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MATERIAL
• THE BUILDING'S EXTERIOR USES A NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY AND ENERGY-
SAVING ETFE (ETHYLENE TETRA FLUORO ETHYLENE)MEMBRANE MATERIAL WITH A
TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF OVER 100,000 SQUARE METERS, MAKING IT THE
WORLD'S LARGEST ETFE APPLICATION PROJECT.
• THE ETFE MEMBRANE HAS A LOW MASS, IS TOUGH, AND CAN ABSORB SUNLIGHT WITH
NEGLIGIBLE DETERIORATION. IT DOESN’T IGNITE SPONTANEOUSLY AND HAS A
WONDERFUL SELF-CLEANING FUNCTION, DUE TO ITS NON-STICK SURFACE.
• THE MATERIAL CAN'T BE STAINED BY DUST. WHEN THE WIND BLOWS, THE DUST
BLOWS AWAY. IN ADDITION, THE WATER CUBE ALSO HAS AN ENVIRONMENTAL
FUNCTION TO COLLECT AND RECYCLE RAINWATER.
• RAINWATER THAT FALLS ON THE WATER CUBE'S ROOF IS COLLECTED IN A CENTRAL
STORAGE POOL BELOW THE BUILDING.

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STRUCTURE
• THE EFFICIENCY OF SOAP-BUBBLE STRUCTURE IS EXPLOITED. THE OPTIMUM SOAP-
BUBBLE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF 14 SIDED POLYHEDRAL COMPRISING 6 SQUARES
AND 8 EQUILATERAL HEXAGONS.
• THE BUILDING IS SUPPORTED BY A SYSTEM OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE.
• A THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF 6700 TONS OF STEEL, RESEMBLING BUBBLES
IS MADE.
• THIS STEEL IS THEN COATED WITH SINCE TO PREVENT IT FROM CORROSION.
• THIS SYSTEM IS ALSO IDEAL IN A PLACE LIKE BEIJING WHERE THERE ARE REPEATED
EARTHQUAKES

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 SOME FACTS
• THERE ARE MORE THAN 3,000 “SOAP BUBBLES” ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE BEIJING
NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER.
• IT IS THE LARGEST MEMBRANE STRUCTURE IN THE WORLD.
• ITS MEMBRANE DOES NOT NEED TO BE REPLACED IF THE SOAP BUBBLES ARE
PUNCTURED. IT CAN BE RESTORED WITH A HEAT WELDING REPAIR/PATCH.
• THE SOUP-BUBBLE-STRUCTURE IS ALSO THE BIGGEST LED-FAÇADE BUILDING IN THE
WORLD WITH AN ELECTRICITY-SAVING (COMPARED TO NON-LED LIGHTS) OF AROUND
550,000 KWH/YEAR, WHICH WOULD COST US$70,000 PER YEAR.
• THE BEIJING WATER CUBE IS CONSIDERED THE FASTEST OLYMPIC SWIMMING POOL IN
THE WORLD. DURING THE 2008 OLYMPIC GAMES, ATHLETES BROKE 25 WORLD RECORDS
THERE.
• WITHOUT LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS, THE BEIJING WATER CUBE’S FRAME CAN CONDUCT
LIGHTNING TO THE GROUND SAFELY.
• THE WATER CUBE HAS A FLEXIBLE BODY THAT CAN RESIST AN EARTHQUAKE OF
MAGNITUDE 8. IT IS THE MOST SEISMICALLY-RESISTANT (LARGE) BUILDING IN THE
WORLD.
• THE NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER COVERS AN AREA OF 3.2 HECTARES (7.9 ACRES), BUT
IT DOES NOT USE A SINGLE STEEL I-BEAM OR REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN IN THE
OUTER SPACE FRAME.
• THE BEIJING WATER CUBE HAS THREE HUGE SWIMMING POOLS, FROM WHICH MORE
THAN A TONE OF WATER EVAPORATES PER HOUR.

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