Blood Component Therapy

BLOOD COMPONENT
THERAPY
DEFINITION
Blood transfusion is the IV
administration of whole
blood or its component
such as plasma , packed red
blood cells or platelets to
correct or treat any clinical
condition of a patient.
PURPOSES
 To increasing circulating blood volume .

To increase the no. of red blood cells & to
maintain hemoglobin level.

To provide plasma clotting factors, to help in
controlling bleeding.

To combat infection due to decreased or defective
white cells or antibodies.
INDICATIO
 After surgery , N
trauma or hemorrhage .
 Severe anemia.
 Leucopenia (↓se WBC).
 Agranulocytosis (bone marrow does not
produce enough or mature WBC)
BLOOD GROUP
Blood groups & their respective agents.
 Group : AB A B O.
 The group O is universal “donor”.
 The group AB is universal “recipient “.
PRE-TRANSFUSION ASSESSMENT
1. Patient history of previous transfusion ,
 reactions to transfusions ,
 No. of pregnancies a women has ,
 health problem ,
 cardiac , pulmonary & vascular diseases.
2. Physical assessment –
 baseline vital signs ,
 auscultation of lungs & patients use of accessory muscles ,
 edema , jugular vein distention ,
 skin rashes , echymosis, etc.
3. Patients teaching :
 patient should be taught about the sign & symptoms of adverse
reactions.
PREPARATION OF RECIPIENT
 Explain the procedure to the patient & relatives

Ask whether he/she has undergone prio transfusion &
reactions
 Take informed consent from the patient/relative
 Provide comfortable position to the patient
 Check & record the vital signs of the patient.
 Offer a bedpan before starting the procedure.
 Educate the patient about adverse reactions & ask her/him to
report immediately
ARTICLES
PREPARATION OF ARTICLES
1. A tray containing : 9. IV stand
2. A blood transfusion set
10. NS,
3. A mackintosh & A towel
11. Paper bag ,
4. A tourniquet ,
12. Blood or any of it components
5. Cotton swabs with Antiseptic with cover received from
6. Adhesive tape & scissors , blood bank with the name of
7. Gloves , recipient
8. kidney tray .
PROCEDURE
 Wash hands , wear gloves
 Perform vein puncture by selecting a large vein which allows the patients mobility.
 Check the blood to be transfused for group , Rh type , expiry date etc. Also inspect for
abnormal colour, cloudiness , clot & excess air.
 Open the packing of blood transfusion set aseptically & insert infusion set into.
 Check the needle & solution of previous IV infusion whether they are appropriate for
administering blood. The needle no.18 or 19 & solution must be NS.
 Put pressure by placing tourniquet 10-12 cm above insertion site & ask patient to clench
fist
 Clean the insertion site with iodine & spirit.
 Insert the needle & start infusion with NS

CONT…
 Firstly identify blood product & patient thoroughly & the transfusion is begun
 For first 15 min adjust flow at 2ml/min & remain with patient . If any reaction is suspected ,
notify the physician
 Monitor vital signs every 5 min for first 15 min

 Observe for flushing , itching , dyspnea , rash or any other adverse reaction
 Then infusion rate should be set as per physician’s order
 Remove & dispose of gloves, wash hands

 Record with date , time , blood group , adverse reactions & amount of blood infused
 1 unit of blood contains 350ml of blood
 Preservative –citrate dextrose phosphate adenine

COMPLICATIONS OF BT
1. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction :-
 Occurs due to incompatibility of blood,
 Incomplete storage of blood ,
 Storage beyond 21 days ,
 Warming of blood above 40◦C or by exposure of red cells to
dextrose solutions It is indicated by fever , chills , head-ache ,
dyspnea , cyanosis , chest pain etc.
 There may be a drop in B.P. , oliguria or may cause anuria.
CONT…
2. Pyogenic Reactions :

Its incidence gets decreased now a days due to use
of disposable sets .
 It occurs when there are some external substances present in
the tubing, characterized by fever with chills , nausea ,
vomiting , diarrhea , headache , backache , delirium , shock &
renal failure
CONT…
3. Allergic Reactions :
There are due to individual sensitivity to plasma proteins
characterized by itching , laryngeal edema & bronchial spasms
4. Circulatory Overloads :
It occurs in people suffering from severe anemia , as they
need only RBC’s , but when they receive the whole blood .
Patients with heart failure are more vulnerable for circulatory
overload
CONT…
5. Transmission of infectious diseases :
Various diseases like hepatitis, AIDS , malaria , syphilis etc. are
transmitted through blood when not properly checked.
6. Anaphylactic reactions :
These occur rarely but are life threatening condition
characterized by a severe respiratory & cardio-vascular
collapse , severe GI disturbances
Other complications :-
o hematoma at site of the needle
 Thrombophlebities.
 Pulmonary embolism.
MANAGEMENT REGARDING COMPLICATION OF
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
If occur : -
 Stop the transfusion immediately
 Notify the physician
 Connect the Iv line with 0.9% normal saline.

 Be with the client, observe the sign and symptoms and monitor the vital signs till
they becomes stable.
 Get ready the emergency drugs such as vasopressor , antihistamine,
steroid, and fluids.
 Obtain a urine specimen and send to the laboratory.
 Save the blood container and tubing for return to the bank .
 Document the reactions and measures carried out.

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BLOOD COMPONENT

 Insert the needle & start infusion with NS

 Monitor vital signs every 5 min for first 15 min

 Remove & dispose of gloves, wash hands

 1 unit of blood contains 350ml of blood

 Preservative –citrate dextrose phosphate adenine

 Stop the transfusion immediately

 Notify the physician

 Connect the Iv line with 0.9% normal saline.

 Obtain a urine specimen and send to the laboratory.

 Document the reactions and measures carried out.

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