Learning from Others and Reviewing

Literature
Practical Research 2 - Chapter 3
Learning Competencies
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to

1. Select relevant literature;

2. Cite related literature using a standard style;

3. Synthesize information from relevant literature;

4. Write a coherent literature review;

5. Follow ethical standards in writing a literature review;

6. Illustrate and explain a conceptual framework; and,

7. Define terms used in the study.

Let’s Warm
Up!
What is INTELLIGENCE?

Perform this activity in pairs. Select among the given references those that you can use
to write a brief explanation of what intelligence is. Exclude references which you think
are unreliable or unrelated to the task.
Let’s Warm
Up!
https://en.wikipedia Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity
.org/wiki/Intelligenc for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional
e knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-
solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or
infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards
adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in
both non-human animals and in plants. Intelligence in machines is
called artificial intelligence, which is commonly implemented in computer
systems using programs and, sometimes, specialized hardware.

https://www.merriam- 1a(1): the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying

webster.com/dictiona situations : REASON also : the skilled use of reason
ry/intelligence (2): the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to
think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (such as tests)
Let’s Warm
Up!
https://www.diction capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental
ary.com/browse/int activity; aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.
elligence
manifestation of a high mental capacity: He writes with intelligence and wit.
the faculty of understanding.

knowledge of an event, circumstance, etc., received or imparted; news;

information.

https://ph.answers.y The definition of intelligence varies among psychologists and is a topic for
ahoo.com/question/i debate. I have read that intelligence can be defined as the "global capacity
ndex? to profit from experience and to go beyond given information about the
qid=2008030621090 environment."
2AAGBCLH
 Functions of RRL
1. Establishes the relevance of the study.

2. Establishes the research gap that the study wants to

fulfill.

3. Provides important information about your topic

and the concepts related to it

4. Presents contradictions between and among

previous literature.
Literature Review 5. Justifies your research methodology, as its
effectiveness may be determined by a survey of
Is an academic text that provides an previous studies relevant to your research

overview of a particular topic that helps

identify what is known and unknown
about a certain subject of study.
Writing the
Literature
Review Evaluation and
Drafting the
Literature Search Analysis of the
Literature Review
Selected Works
Stage in which the Further screen the Write your literature
researcher systematically selected references for review.
looks for and selects reliability and usefulness
reference materials
relevant to the study
POINTS TO REMEMBER IN
CONDUCTING YOUR
LITERATURE SEARCH
1. Identify the topics and concepts that you need to incorporate into your paper.

2. Specify the type of sources that you will use. Will they be mainly articles or a combination of
articles, books, and other periodicals?

3. Search for scholarly work by visiting DBS e-library or popular online databases. These include
the following:
○ Proquest
○ Science Direct
○ JSTOR
○ EBSCO
○ Google Scholar
○ Springer
○ Wiley
○ Taylor and Francis
○ Sage Publications
4. Use relevant key words to find your desired resources.
Example topic: Effects of Online Games on the Digital Literacy of Students
Key words: Online games, digital literacy

5. Use links that are considered reliable. These are the sites that end in .gov, .mil, and .edu. Sites
that end in .com and .org are also reliable as long as they are associated with recognized
companies and organizations.

6. Use BOOLEAN searching strategies. These limit and focus one’s online search of a certain
topic.
 Let’s
Try!
Conduct an online search via Google for articles about the
effects of caffeine on one’s health. Follow the steps
provided.

1. Encode the following terms in the Google search tab:

effects of caffeine on psychiatric patients.
2. Encode the following terms in the Google search tab:
Caffeine AND psychiatric patients.
3. Encode the following terms in the Google search tab:
.pdf AND caffeine AND psychiatric patients
STRATEGIES TO USE IN EVALUATING
AND ANALYZING YOUR SELECTED
REFERENCES
1. Obtain an overview of the reference you selected. For research articles, perform a brief survey
by reading the abstract of each article; for books, look into the preface to see their summary.

2. Find out If they are published by a reputable publisher/journal and written by legitimate
scholars in the field of study. Refer to Thomson Reuters Master Journal List (
http://ip-science.thomsonreuters,com/mjl/) or Scopus Source List (
https://www.Elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/content).

3. Refrain from using references published by predatory journals or publishers as they do not
guarantee quality.

4. Refrain from using materials that do not directly explain the concepts related to your study.
5. Use articles that have been published within the last five years, unless you are
writing a historical research paper.

6. If a material appears to be relevant to your topic, current, and reliable, continue

reading its content.

7. Use a concept map if you want to see the relationship, similarities, and differences among the
materials you have read.
Exercise
Read the following materials and determine
whether each of them is relevant to the given
research title: “Measuring the water pathogens in
public pools in the Philippines.” Put a check
mark on the materials which you think are
reliable and relevant to your study and put a
cross on those which are not.
 TITLE SOURCE RELIABILITY/
RELEVANCE
7 disgusting facts about dirty public www.medicaldaily,com/7-disgusting-fact
pools s-about-dirty-public-swimming-pools-246
965
Yuck! What’s in your pool water? www.cnn.com/2013/05/17/health/cdc-po
ol-water/
Pool water pathogens https://www.nachi.org/pool-water-pathog
ens.htm
Guidelines for safe recreational water www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bat
environments hing/srwe2full.pdf
Water-borne illness and swimming pool blog.intheswim.com/waterborne-illness-a
water nd-swimming-pool-water
/
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
Giardia intestinalis in Swimming Pools, s/PMC2600305/
Atlanta, Georgia
Pathogenic and Free-living Amoebae https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
Isolated from Swimming Pools and rticle/pii/S001393518371087X
Physiotherapy Tubs in Mexico
HOW TO DRAFT YOUR LITERATURE
REVEIW
1. Get a model paper that deals with a topic similar to yours.

2. Provide an overview of what can be found in your literature review as introductory portion.

3. Divide the literature review into two subsections: (a) the conceptual literature section which
explains concept relevant to your study, and (b) the related studies section which presents
studies similar to your own.

4. References may be arranged in three ways:

○ Thematic – make readers focus on how your study is similar to or different

from the previous ones

○ Chronological – emphasizes the development and progress in a specific field

of study

○ Typological – Arranged locally and foreign/international

5. Write a synthesis that shows the research gap.

6. Define important terms in your study. May be done using informal or formal way.

7. Use headings and subheadings.

8. Be sure to apply the principle of cohesiveness.

9. Cite your sources.

 Disciplines Style
American Business, economics, education, Falchikov, N. & Boud, D. (1989). Student
Psychological hotel and restaurant management, self-assessment ion higher education: A
Association psychology, and other fields under meta-analysis. Review of Educational
(APA) social science Research, 59 (4), 395-430.
Modern Language English and some fields in the Falchikov Nancy, and David Boud. “Student
Association humanities and the arts Self-Assessment in Higher Education: A
(MLA) Meta-analysis” Review of Educational
Research 59, vol. 59, no. 4, 1989, pp. 395-
430.
Chicago Manual of Various disciplines, but most Falchikov Nancy, and David Boud. “Studen
Style popularly used in history and music Self-assessment in Higher Education: A
(CMOS) Meta-analysis.” Review of Educational
Research 59, no. 4 (1989):395-430.
Ethical Standards in Writing the
Literature Review
1. Report the findings in your cited studies objectively. Refrain from distorting the findings of other research
works.

2. Avoid injecting editorial comments or manipulating the ideas of a certain study just to make it support your
own claims.

3. Always cite your sources as a way of acknowledging the studies relevant to your own and practicing intellectual
honesty.

4. Refrain from fabricating information or making up data and reporting them as actual data from a certain
research work.

5. Avoid plagiarism.
Learning Competencies
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to

1. Select relevant literature;

2. Cite related literature using a standard style;

3. Synthesize information from relevant literature;

4. Write a coherent literature review;

5. Follow ethical standards in writing a literature review;

6. Illustrate and explain a conceptual framework; and,

7. Define terms used in the study.