Cell Structure: Prof. Dr. Dr. Farhat, M.Ked (ORL-HNS), SP.T.H.T.K.L (K)

Cell Structure
Prof. Dr. dr. Farhat, M.Ked(ORL-HNS),

Sp.T.H.T.K.L(K)
MAGISTER KEDOKTERAN KLINIS FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Two categories of cells
EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
Large and Complex cells Small and simple cells
Contain nucleus Do not contain nucleus
Contain organelles Do not contain organelles
Animal, plants, fungi, etc. All bacteria are prokaryotes
Cells walls, if present, made of cellulose Cells walls made of peptidoglycan (thickness of
wall depends on whether the cell is gram + or –)
Membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles
(compartmentalisation)
Have cilia or flagella (for movement) Have pili & fimbriae (for adhesion) and flagella
(for propulsion)
Cell size ranges from 10 – 150um Cell size ranges from 0,5 to 100 um
There are many chromosomes, formed of Genetic material consists of single circular of
linear, open ended double helical endless double helical molecule of DNA
molecules of DNA
Cell
Nucleus - nucleolus
• Structure
• Double membrane (nuclear
envelope)
• Nucleolus - located within the
nucleus, makes ribosomes
• Function
• Control center of the cell
• Stores hereditary info (DNA)
• Makes RNA and protein
• Makes ribosomes (nucleolus)
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Cell Type
• Eukaryotic Cells
• Plant and Animal Cells
Ribosomes
• Structure
• Made of proteins and RNA
• No membrane
• Most numerous organelle
• Made in nucleus (specifically in nucleolus)
• Found attached to rough ER or floating free
in cell
• Function
• Aids in protein synthesis
• Free ribosomes make proteins used by the
cell
• Ribosomes on rER make proteins for export
to other cells
• Cell Type
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Connected to nuclear membrane

• Network of passageways 
“Highway” of the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Structure
• Internal membrane is a system
of folded sacs and tunnels
• Has ribosomes
• Function
• Intracellular highway
• Molecules move from one part
of cell to another to be exported
out of cell
• it makes proteins
• Cell Type
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Structure
• Internal membrane of systems
of folded sacs and tunnels
• NO ribosomes
• Function
• Intracellular highway
• Storage area for proteins
• it makes lipids
• Cell Type
Golgi apparatus
• Structure
• Stack of membranes or sacs filled
with fluid
• Looks like a stack of plates
• Function
• Processing, packaging, and
secreting organelle
• Stores, modifies and packages
proteins synthesis
• Molecules transported to and from
the Golgi by means of vesicles
• Cell Type
Mitochondria
• Structure
• Double membrane
• Have own DNA
• Very numerous in high
requirement cells (muscles)
• Function
• Powerhouse of the cell (energy)
• Transfers energy into ATP to be
used as energy for life functions
• Cellular respiration occurs here
to release energy for the cell to
use
• Cell Type
Chloroplasts
• Structure
• Double membrane
• Contains DNA
• Contains green pigment
(chlorophyll)
• Function
• Responsible for photosynthesis
• Site of food (glucose)
production in photosynthesis
• Cell Type
• Plant Cells
Lysosomes
• Structure
• Spherical organelles
• Contain digestive enzymes that break
down wastes
• Function
• Digestion
• Organic molecules
• Old organelles
• Foreign substances
• Cell Type
Cytoplasm/cytosol
• Structure
• Fluid between cell membrane &
organelles
• Contains water, salts, organic
compounds
• Function
• Aids in movement
• Cell Type
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
Cytoskeleton
• Structure
• Network of long protein strands
• Located in the cytosol
• No membranes
• Made of three types of filaments
• Function
• Provides shape and structure
• Acts as skeleton and muscle
• Help with movement of
organelles in the cytosol
• Cell Type
Cell membrane
• Structure
• Lipid bilayer
• Proteins
• Function
• Selectively permeable – allows
only certain substances across!
• Boundary for cell (protection)
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer,
mosaic of lipids, proteins, etc.
• Cell Type
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
Cell wall
• Structure
• Wall outside membrane
• Made of cellulose
• Has pores
• Function
• Protect
• Rigid, protective barrier
• Made of cellulose (fiber)
• Cell Type
• Plant Cells
Vacuoles
• Structure
• Fluid filled organelles
• Very large
• Function
• Storage container for water,
food, enzymes, wastes,
pigments, etc.
• Cell Type
• Plant Cells (large)
• Animal Cells (small)
Centriole
Aids in cell division

Usually found only in animal cells
Made of microtubules
Quick review
• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus
• Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
• Which organelles are found in plant cells, but not found in
animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
• Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
• What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Structure: Prof. Dr. Dr. Farhat, M.Ked (ORL-HNS), SP.T.H.T.K.L (K)

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Cell Structure: Prof. Dr. Dr. Farhat, M.Ked (ORL-HNS), SP.T.H.T.K.L (K)

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Cell Structure

Prof. Dr. dr. Farhat, M.Ked(ORL-HNS),

MAGISTER KEDOKTERAN KLINIS FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

• Connected to nuclear membrane

Aids in cell division

• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?

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