NADIMPALLI SATYANARAYANA RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sontyam, Visakhapatnam, India

(Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF POLAR CNC-2D-PRINTER

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By

Name: M.SAI PAVAN ; Pin no: 18NU5A0350

Name: G.ATCHUTHA RAO ; Pin no: 18NU5A0322
Name: N.SAI NAGENDRA ; Pin no: 18NU5A0354
Name: V.PRAVEEN ; Pin no: 18NU5A0381

Under the Guidance of

Mr.T.KRISHNA KUMAR, M.Tech
Assistant .Professor
 OUT LINE OF PROJECT

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

4. METHODOLOGY

5. OBJECTIVE

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

7. SOFTWARE

8. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

9. CONCLUSIONS

10. REFERENCES
 1.ABSTRACT
In this project we made an attempt of making a low cost C.N.C machine by using
one of the robotic arm method which is known as POLAR or SPERICAT robot
which have simple and easy process of operation The CNC XY Plotter is required
to plot two dimensional continuous or discontinuous data on a rectangular
coordinate system. This project is done to fabricate a XY plotter using independent
motion along X-direction and Y-direction, and microcontroller system (Arduino) to
control those motions. Implementation of this project is carried out through the
computer linked with the Arduino software, to which the G-code is transmitted by
the Processing software. Polar robots are robot configurations with a combined
linear joint and one or two rotary joints, with an arm connected to a robotic base
and a twisting joint. Also known as spherical robots, the axes create a spherical
work envelope and a polar coordinate system.
Spherical robots are well-known in the history of robotics. This is because the first
industrial robot, Unimate, was a spherical robot created back in the 1950s. We
simplified the process by using very less moving parts with only one rotation joint
which will be the base where the work peace is placed and the one linear action
which mover on the screw rod so the process of C.N.C machining can be done
easy The movements are controlled by stepper motors which is controlled by the
ardunio with stepper driver. The reason for making a low cost C.N.C machine like
polar robot CNC is to make available for the students who willing to make D.I.Y
machines or work which will make the engineering interesting even more and
increase the knowledge more where it dose the process like milling / cutting and
engraving process with the simple tool head change process. we are adding a 3d
printing process so they can do the additive manufacturing which will make the
works simple and easy.
 2.INTRODUCTION
A CNC XY 2D printer or Machine is a 2D plotting machine which uses a pen or
cutting tool to draw text or image, continuous or discontinuous drawings on any
given solid surface.
CNC plotting is one of the most common plotting processes used in various
applications. Since the introduction of Computer Numerical Control in the 1960s,
CNC machines have become an integral part of industrial & commercial
manufacturing processes.
Computer Numerical Control is a process that uses computers to control tools to
create different types of products. These machines require specialized software and
consoles for operation. A computer program is customized for an object and the
machines are programmed with CNC machining language (G-code) that essentially
controls all features of the final product like coordination, location & speeds.
 we have replace pen with mechanical tools drilling, grinding, machining etc. This

will be used for soft material cutting or machining, laser cutting machine tool is
also worked on this setup. We have reduced the cost, in the setup of mini CNC
plotter machine. Mini CNC plotter machine is described as it is based on Arduino
controller and CNC shield. CNC is computer numerical control machine. G codes
are preparatory Function. G codes are pre-defining Function Associated with the
movement on machine axes. In CNC Plotter Machine only G codes are used. G
codes are giving the Direction to move the pen in X, Y, Z directions. Pen can be
changed by tools of drilling, laser cutting tool, milling it can be worked, if it is
made in large size.
The aim of over is to make a mini CNC plotter machine which is capable to
draw difficult design in paper or surface of metal, To cut it with a great
accuracy. We have used 3 stepper motors with lead screw in Cartesian
coordinate X, Y, Z directions. Stepper motor is convert digital pulse into lead
screw rotations. Stepper drivers are used to give command to the system. The
main aim is to fabricate a MINI CNC plotter Machine to draw an object with
using G codes. We also work on to reduced.
 3.LITERATURE SURVEY
Linyan Liu et al. (2014) presents a knowledge-centric process management
framework for the CNC machine tool design and development (D&D) with the
integration of process and knowledge. Requirements for the framework are
generated based primarily on the nature of the machine tool design practice. The
proposed framework consists of process integration model, process simulation,
process execution and knowledge objects management modules. Each of these
modules is elaborated to support the knowledge-centric machine tool
development process management. The prototype development is also presented
by the author. Results of this study facilitate the knowledge integration in CNC
machine tool D&D, and thus increase machine tool development capability,
reduce development cycle time and cost, and ultimately speed up the
effectiveness and ensure the excellent machine tool development. Finally the
study has outlined a framework within which designers are encouraged to
participate in the machine tool development efficiently and conveniently, for the
benefit of each individual and the company. Compared with the existing
references, the proposed framework of knowledge-centric CNC machine tool
D&D process management includes the following results.
Dr.J.B. Jayachandraiah et al (2014) provide the idea to develop the low cost
Router system which is capable of 3 axis simultaneous interpolated. The low
cost is prototyping is achieved by incorporating the features of standard PC
interface with microcontroller base CNC system in an Arduino based embedded
system. With limited budget the author conclude that small machine tools to
fabricate small parts can provide flexibility and efficiency in manufacturing
approach and reduce the capital cost, which is beneficial for small business
owners.

Nikita R. Saharkar et al. (2013) design the CAD Model in Solidworks and
Done the FEA analysis in hyper mesh tool providing the appropriate
constrains, loads, and moment values. According to the author he got the stress
value around 14 Mpa which is less than the allowable stress value of M.S.
concluding the design is safe. Author also generate the G & M codes by
simulating the CAD file in Power mill software which is nothing but the CAM
software. [5]
 4.METHODOLOGY
We have supply the current in Arduino with USB DATA cable to transfer Data
from Computer to Arduino Board [1], Here we have used 3 Stepper Drivers to
supply the G codes in Sequence to the stepper motors. Arduino will be mounted
on CNC shield. CNC shield will be distributing the Current in the command of
Arduino. CNC shield will be converting the command of G codes in digital pulse
by Stepper motor. In X direction Stepper motor will be move left and Right ,Y
direction stepper motor will be move in front and back direction, Z direction
Stepper motor will be move in Up and down[2]. We have made much difficult
design via using this machine. The accuracy of this machines result is very high.
So we have used in industry to reduce the cost of design printing and maintain
accuracy level. Drafting and Scaling of CNC Plotter machine is very precious.
 5.OBJECTIVE

Objectives of this project are:

1 To build and design an electromechanical device able to create

continuous or discontinuous vector graphics on a solid surface.

2 To minimize the cost of manufacturing.

3 To design a model suitable for mass production.

 6.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
List of components
Description Qty
• Arduino Uno 1
• Stepper motor 4
• Motor driver 2
• Servo motor 2
• Plastic wood 17inch*17inch
• Belt 4
• Pulley 2
• Steel shaft 4
• Power Supply 1
Structural Components
1. Plastic Wood: Plastic wood was used to build the structure of the model.
2. Thickness: 18 mm
3. Water resistant
4. Moderate tensile & compressive strength
5. Cheap & available
2. Stainless Steel Pipes:
Stainless steel pipes were used to provide axes along which motions will
be directed. A pipe of slightly larger diameter was used to make holders
which can smoothly slide over the smaller-diameter stainless steel pipe. •
¾” and ½” Diameter •
High strength •
Non-corrosive

3.Belt: Belts were used to link an idler pulley

and the rotating shaft of the stepper motor
working under no slip condition. •

Material: Rubber •
Non-plastic deformable
4.Pulley: Pulleys were used to transmit power through the belt via
teeth. They were used to move the platform carrying the paper and the
pen holder component by transmitting power from the stepper motors.
Material: Stainless steel •
Wear resistive

Hardware
1. Arduino Uno:
• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operation Voltage: 5V
• Flash memory:32KB
• Clock speed: 16 MHz
• 14 Digital I/O pins,
• 6 Analog input pins
2.Stepper Motor (Unipolar):
• Model name: 28BYJ-48
• Rated voltage: 12V DC
• Stride Angle: 5.625°/64
• Pull in torque: 300 gf.cm

3.Stepper Motor Driver: • Model Name:

ULN2003 • Voltage input:7-12 V
4.Servo motor: • Model name: MG995 •
Voltage: 5V •
Stall torque: 8.5 kgf·cm (4.8V), 10 kgf·cm (6 V) •
Temperature range: 0 ºC – 55 ºC

5.Power Supply: • Model Name: DX-550W •

AC input: 230 V •
DC output: 5V, -12V, 12V, +3.3V

6.Jumper Wires:
• Male to male
• Male to female
 7.SOFTWARE
1.Arduino: • Version: 1.8.5
• Arduino is a cross-platform IDE that works with an Arduino controller for
writing, compiling and uploading code to the Arduino board.
• The software provides support for a wide array of Arduino boards, including
Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega, Ethernet, Fio, Pro or Pro Mini etc.
• The universal languages for Arduino are C and C++, thus the software is fit for
professionals who are familiar with these two. Features such as syntax
highlighting, automatic indentation and brace matching makes it a modern
alternative to other IDEs.
• This software was used to control the motion of two stepper motors required to
provide motion along X-direction & Ydirection.
8.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
2.Processing: • Version:3.2.4
• Processing is a flexible software sketchbook and a language for
learning how to code within the context of the visual arts.
• The code required for processing G-code was written in JAVA
language.
• This is an open source software and free to download
3.Inkscape Unicorn Master: • Version: 0.48.5 •
A powerful, free design tool • Broad file format compatibility, can convert
any type image files into G-code.
• Powerful text tool, can generate texts to create a G-code.
• This is an open source software and Free to download software, can be
used for specialized purposes by adding extensions.
The pen holder mechanism we used is not conventional yet effective. We
used servo motor to push up the block that holds the pen. To make the
pen go down we simply used the effect of gravity. When the servo does
not push the pen holder, the pen simply goes down due to gravity. We
also used a sign pen so that the weight of the pen is enough to write on
the paper
 9.CONCLUSION
The primary goal of this project was to find & build a cheaper and mass
producible design of a CNC XY Plotter maintaining the accuracy as
well. This project is further extendable.
Modification of pen holder component can make this project suitable
for a lot of applications.
We tried our best in designing and implementing this model. Our lack
of expertise & experience, manual fabrication of various parts
sometimes hindered our progress and affected the perfection to be
attained. Overcoming these obstacles and reaching the fruition was a
wonderful experience for us
 10.REFERENCES

[1] V.K. Pabolu and K.N.H. Shrinivas, "Design and implementation of a three
-dimensional CNC machine", Int. J. Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 2,pp.
2567-2570 2010 .
[2] I. Nae and T. Andrei, "Designing and building a CNC router using stepper motors",
Serial Technical, vo. LXII, pp. 55-62, 2010 .
[3] I. Pahole, L. Rataj, M. Ficko, S. Klancnik, S.Brezovnik, M.Brezocnik, and J.
Balic, "Construction and evaluation of low cost table CNC milling machine",
Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Mehcanics, Tribology, MachineManufacturing
Technology, vol. XXIII, pp. 1-7, 2009
THANK YOU