Introduction To Research Methodology

Introduction to Research Methodology
Engr. Kaleem Ullah

October 11, 2019
CAS-EP 509 Research Methodology

* Slide credits to D.A. Asir John Samuel
Communication Protocol
Why do we need to
study this subject ?
The study of research methodology provides us
the necessary training in choosing methods, materials, scientific
tools and training in techniques relevant for the problem
Reference
Research Methodology Methods and

Techniques (Second Revised Edition),
C.R. Kothari
(Chapter – 1)
5
Meaning of Research
?
Meaning of Research
The systematic method consisting of
defining the problem formulating
,
hypothesis, collecting a data,
the facts or
analysing the facts and reaching certain
conclusion either in the form of solutions
towards the concerned problem or in
certain for some
generalisations
theoretical formulation.
7
Objectives of research
• Find out truth which is hidden and which
has not been discovered yet
• Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it
• Portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group
8
Motivation in research
?
Motivation in research
• Research degree along with
its consequential benefits
• Face the in solving
unsolved problem
challenge the
• Get some
intellectual joy of doing
creative work
• Service to
society 10
Research approaches
• Quantitative approach
- Inferential
- Experimental
- Simulation
• Qualitative approach
11
Inferential approach
• To form a data base from which
to infer characteristics or
relationships of population
• Usually means survey research

where a sample of population is
studied to determine its
characteristics
12
Experimental research
• Some variables are manipulated
to observe their effect on other variables
• Much greater control over the
research environment
13
Simulation approach
• Involves construction of artificial
an
environment within which
relevan
information and data can be generated
t
14
Qualitative approach
• Subjective assessment of:
- Attitudes
- Opinions
- Behaviour
• Not subjected to rigorous
quantitative analysis
• Example
15
Criteria of good research
• Purpose should be clearly defined
• Common concepts to be used
• Explain procedure clearly - for continuity
• Results should be as objective as possible
• Report with frankness
- Acknowledge, procedural flaws
- Limitations of the study
16
Criteria of good research
• Appropriate statistical test of significance
• Reliable outcome measures
• Justify conclusions with data
• Limitation of data
• Experienced researcher
• Systematic
• Logical
17
Problem encountered by
researches in Pakistan
• Lack of scientific training in methodology

of research
• Insufficient interaction
• Need for generating the confidence that
the information/data obtained from a
test sample will not be misused
18
• Research studies overlapping one
another are undertaken quite often to
obtain adequate information
• Timely and adequate secretarial
assistance, including computerial
assistance
• Library management &
functioning is not
satisfactory 14
• Difficulty of timely availability
of published data
• Problem of conceptualization
20
Types of research
With respect to the Purpose
• Descriptive
• Analytical With respect to the process
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Applied
• Fundamental
• Conceptual With Respect to the outcomes
21
Types of research
• Empirical
• One-time research / longitudinal
• Field-setting research/laboratory/simulation
• Clinical / laboratory
• Historical
• Conclusion oriented
• Decision oriented
22
Descriptive research
• Surveys & fact-finding enquiries
• This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the
research subject rather than the “why” of the
research subject.
• Ex post facto research – social science & business
research
• Has no control over variables
• Can only report what has happened
or what is happening
23
Analytical research
• Has to use facts / information already
available
• Analyse these to make critical evaluation

of material
24
Quantitative research
• Based on measurement of quantity or
amount
• Expressed in terms of quantity
25
Qualitative research
• Concerned with qualitative phenomenon
• Motivation research – an important type
• E.g. how people feel or what they
think about a particular subject or
institution
• To discover underlying motives
• Seek guidance
26
Fundamental research
• Generalisation
• Formulation of a theory
• Gaining knowledge for knowledge’s
sake is ‘pure’ or ‘basic' research
• Finding information
• E.g. with view to make
generalisation about human behaviour
27
Applied research
• Finding a solution for an immediate problem / for
pressing practical problem
• Society / industrial / business
organisation
• Aimed at certain conclusions
• Marketing research / evaluation
research
28
Conceptual research
• Related to abstract ideas / theory
• To develop new concepts /
reinterpret existing ones
• That is verified by empirical research
29
Empirical research
• Data-based research
• Relies on experience / observation alone
• Verified by observation / experiment
• Works to get enough facts to prove
/ disprove hypothesis
• Evidence gathered by this is most powerful
support possible for a given hypothesis
• It derives knowledge from actual experience
rather than from theory or belief 30
Some other types of research
• Cross-sectional research/1 time

- Research is confined to a single time-period
• Longitudinal research
- Carried over several-time periods
• Field-setting/laboratory/simulation
- Depends upon the environment
31
Some other types of research
• Clinical research
- case-study method
• Diagnostic research
- In depth approaches to reach basic
casual relations
• Historical research
- Utilizes historical sources like documents,
remains, etc 27
Research methods
• All those methods/techniques that
are used for conduction of research
• Refer to the methods the researchers use

in performing research operations
• Method used by the researcher

33
Research methods
1. Methods which are concerned with data collection
2. Statistical techniques for establishment of
relationship b/w data & unknown
3. Evaluating the accuracy of results obtained
34
Research methodology
• A systematic way to solve the
research problem
• Science of understanding how research is
done
• Study varies steps adopted by
a researcher
• Researchers should know the
relevant method and which are not
35
Research methodology
When we talk of RM we not only talk of
the research methods but also consider
the logic behind the methods we use in the
context of our research study and explain
why we are using a particular method and
why we are not using others, so that
research results are capable of
evaluated by the researcher himself being
or
by others 36
Reference
Research Methodology Methods and

Techniques (Second Revised Edition),
C.R. Kothari
(Chapter – 1)
37

Introduction To Research Methodology

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Introduction to Research Methodology

Engr. Kaleem Ullah

CAS-EP 509 Research Methodology

Research Methodology Methods and

• Usually means survey research

• Lack of scientific training in methodology

• Analyse these to make critical evaluation

• Expressed in terms of quantity

• Cross-sectional research/1 time

• Refer to the methods the researchers use

• Method used by the researcher

Research Methodology Methods and

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