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    Pragmatics and Politeness Theory

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    Butch
    This document discusses pragmatics, politeness theory, and Grice's conversational maxims. It summarizes that pragmatics is concerned with analyzing meaning in interactions based on speaker and context. Grice proposed four maxims of conversation: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Politeness theory discusses three rules of politeness: don't impose, give options, and be friendly. The document provides examples to illustrate implicatures, failures to observe maxims, and applications of politeness rules.

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    Pragmatics and Politeness Theory

    Uploaded by

    Butch
    152 views24 pages
    This document discusses pragmatics, politeness theory, and Grice's conversational maxims. It summarizes that pragmatics is concerned with analyzing meaning in interactions based on speaker and context. Grice proposed four maxims of conversation: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Politeness theory discusses three rules of politeness: don't impose, give options, and be friendly. The document provides examples to illustrate implicatures, failures to observe maxims, and applications of politeness rules.

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    This document discusses pragmatics, politeness theory, and Grice's conversational maxims. It summarizes that pragmatics is concerned with analyzing meaning in interactions based on speaker and context. Grice proposed four maxims of conversation: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Politeness theory discusses three rules of politeness: don't impose, give options, and be friendly. The document provides examples to illustrate implicatures, failures to observe maxims, and applications of politeness rules.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    152 views24 pages

    Pragmatics and Politeness Theory

    Uploaded by

    Butch
    This document discusses pragmatics, politeness theory, and Grice's conversational maxims. It summarizes that pragmatics is concerned with analyzing meaning in interactions based on speaker and context. Grice proposed four maxims of conversation: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Politeness theory discusses three rules of politeness: don't impose, give options, and be friendly. The document provides examples to illustrate implicatures, failures to observe maxims, and applications of politeness rules.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 24

    PRAGMATICS AND

    POLITENESS
    THEORY
    What is Pragmatics?
    - concerned with the analysis of
    meaning in interaction.
    - study of speaker and contextual
    meaning.
    Examples:

    • May I have a glass of water?

    • Please close the window.

    • I can hear someone talking.


    CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS
    AND IMPLICATURES

    Herbert Paul Grice, a British philosopher,


    proposed to account for our basic
    assumptions about interactions.
    MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION
    1. Quantity
    - say as much as but no more than
    necessary

    2. Quality
    - do not say what you believe to be false,
    or that for which you lack of evidence
    3. Relation
    - be relevant

    4. Manner
    - be clear, unambiguous, brief and
    orderly
    Examples:
    * Ken : what time is it ?
    Hana : three o’clock.
    Sally’s father, Sam, has promise to give Sally a lift to
    the gym when she has finished her homework.

    Sam : Have you finished your homework?


    Sally : (with a smile ) I’ve got my kit and I’m
    ready to go.
    • Harry does not like lending the family car to
    the children. Joyce knows this but she has just
    lent their car to their son Dan.

    Harry : Where’s the car?


    Joyce : Dan needed to do some shopping.
    Several reasons for failure to observe
    Grice Maxims:
    1. By flouting
    2. By violating
    3. By infringing
    4. By opting out
    5. By suspending
    Examples:
    1. By flouting

    A: They handed out the exam yesterday how


    did you do?

    B: Hmm… Nice weather we’re having. (Not so


    well, but I passed the test.)
    2. By violating

    A: George’s failed the exam.


    B: He is very smart.
    A: Do you find him handsome?
    B: He has a lovely personality.
    3. By infringing

    Customer: Hello, I’d like to pay this chips please.


    ( with $1000 bill)
    Cashier: I’m sorry ma’am but I don’t have a
    change. (cleft palate)
    Customer: Uh, I’m sorry. What?
    Cashier: I don’t have a change.
    4. By opting out

    R: What is the current situation of congress in


    regards to the latest cases of corruption?

    B: I’m sorry. This conversation is confidential


    5. By suspending

    (warning, awful ahead)


    A: knock! Knock!
    B: whose there?
    A: ice cream
    B: ice cream who?
    A: I scream if you don’t let me in! (ice cream)
    CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES

    What is Implicature?
     An utterances with conveying meaning beyond its
    proposition.

    - is the semantic content


    of an utterance.
    3 TYPES OF IMPLICATURE
    1.Generalized (loosely context – bound)

     Commonly triggered by indefinite articles (a/an).


    Example: The arsonist put a house on fire.

    +> not his own house, apparently it could be any


    house not his.
    2. Particular (strongly context - bound)
     Context is important in order to inter right
    implicature.
    Example:
    A. Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?
    B. My little sister is coming for a visit.

    +> I can’t go to the cinema tonight.


    3. Scalar Implicature
     we denote a degree of something, thereby
    implicating the negation of all degrees above the
    chosen one.
    Example:
    I had some buttered scones for tea.

    None – few – some – many – most – all


    CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS
    AND POLITENESS
    Robin Lakoff, an American pragmatics
    researcher who has been called “the mother
    of modern politeness theory” introduced
    three rules of politeness.
    3 RULES OF POLITENESS
    1. don’t impose:
    e.g. use modals and hedges:

    I wonder if I might just open the window a


    little.
    2. Give options
    e.g. use interrogatives including tag questions:

    Do you mind if I open the window? It would be


    nice to have the window open a little wouldn’t
    it?
    3. Be friendly
    e.g. use informal expressions,
    endearments

    Be a honey and open the window darling.


    “KAMSAHAMNIDA”

    THANK YOU SO MUCH


    END

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