Housing: Module 1

HOUSING
MODULE 1:-
•Review of different forms of housing globally
•Housing need & demand - Calculation of future need
•Housing resources and options
•Housing agencies and their contributions to housing development –

HUDCO, state housing boards, housing , co-operatives and banks.
•Housing policies in India and other countries like USA & UK

HOUSING DEMAND
FACTS
H •Estimated that almost a quarter of Indian
O household lack adequate housing facilities
----- Ministry of Rural development &
U Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
( MHUPA)
S
I •Estimated 11 crores housing needs to be
constructed, most of them for the EWS/LIG
N households , both in urban and rural areas. –
G National Mission of Urban Housing ( 2012 report)
HOUSING DEMAND
FACTS
H •Land reqd. 1.7 – 2 lakh hectare to fulfill
O urban housing.---
( 1 hectare = 2.5 acre
U =0.01 sq Km)
S •Annual urban growth in India is at 2.4% in

I 2014 --
World Bank Data
N
G
s ? HOUSING DEMAND
on
as
H re
b l e
i
O ss PRESENT SITUATION ( Urban & Rural) :-
Po
U Description Urban ( in
crores)
Rural ( in
crores)
Total ( in
crores)
S Current Shortage 2.0 4.0 6.0
I Reqd. by 2022 3.0 2.5 5.5

N
G TOTAL NEED 11.5
s ? HOUSING DEMAND
on
as
H re
bl e Housing shortage in Urban India:-
O ss i
Po Category Monthly Percentage
U EWS
income
0-3300
shortage
99.9
S
I LIG 3301-7300 10.5
N MIG 7301-14500
G 0.2
HIG 14501 and above
“HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2020”
India’s commitment to inclusive , sustainable and affordable
development.
H
O National Mission for Urban Housing :-
U •Slum rehabilitation with participation of private developers using

land as a resource.
S
•Promotion of affordable housing for weaker section through
I credit linked subsidy.
N •Affordable housing in partnership with public & private sectors

G
•Subsidy for beneficiary –led individual construction or
enhancement.
“HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2020”
H
Technology to be adopted:-
O
•Adoption of modern innovative green
U technology and bldg, material .
S
•Preparation & adoption of layout designs
I and bldg plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones.
N
•Assist state/cities in deploying disaster resistant
G and environment friendly technologies.
AFFORDABLE & LOW COST HOUSING
H Generally perception –
O Low cost housing is for EWS and provides
U bare minimum housing facilities .
Affordable housing is mostly meant for LIG
S and MIG and includes basic amenities etc.
I
N
G
AFFORDABLE & LOW COST HOUSING
H Parameters Low cost housing Affordable housing

•Amenities •Bare minimum to •Basic
O none
•LIG & MIG
U •Target income group
•EWS & LIG
S •Size of dwelling unit

•300 sqft ( approx)
•300 - 1200sqft
( approx)
I •Project development •
Mostly govt. agencies •Private & govt.
N •Available resource of •Mostly govt.

agencies
G finance agencies/micro finance

institutions
•Private developers &
bankers.
DEFINITION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
( MHUPA -2011)
H Size EMI / Rent

O •EWS •Min 300 sqft super built up
U •Min 500 sqft super built up
•LIG
S – max. 517 sqft carpet area
- Not exceeding
I •MIG
30-40% of gross
monthly income
•600- 1200 sqft super built
N up – max, 861 sqft carpet
of buyer.
area.
G
DEFINITION OF HOUSING- World Health
Organization
H •An enclosed environment in which man finds
O protection and feel safe and secured from
hostile forces and can function with increased
U comfort and satisfaction as regards privacy to
S the individuals and his family.
I
•The environment must include all necessity ,
N services, facilities, equipments and devices
G needed for physical & social being of the
family and of the individual.
Basic inputs are :
H 1) Land 2) Material 3) finance.

Can be a room or a combination of rooms.
O
U NBC definition of a room—
•A room must have an area of 7.5 sqm , height of
S 2.6m.
•Opening must not be less than 1/6th of the floor area
I in hot & humid climate , 1/10th of the floor area in
N hot- dry climate.
•Openings ( other than door) have to be on the
G external face.
•Must be made up of permanent material.
Types of housing
H •Cluster housing if the most fundamental

•Detached dwelling
O •Semi- detached
U •Courtyard/patio type
•Row housing
S •Core houses
I •Apartment houses.
N
G
While planning housing layout
H
O 1) Primary spaces – spaces bound by buildgs
U 2) Secondary spaces – spaces bound by
trees ,walls, embankments
S
I
N
G
While planning housing layout
H
O
U
S
I
N
G
Housing layout
PRIVATE BUT OPEN

H ( BUFFER ZONE)
TOILET BEDRM
O ABSOLUTE PRIVATE
U DINNING
SELECTIVE PUBLIC
S LIVING
I KITCHEN
SEMI PUBLIC
N
G PUBLIC
Human Scale
Various enclosures have distinct relationships with the ht
of the bldg and the volume of space it encompases.
H
O
U corridor
x
Widened
corridor
S
0.5x x
I
N Optimum size of
G courtyard courtyard to give feeling
of enclosure
2x 4x
Density --- intensity of occupation over land
H
1) Population density – total population
O /unit area of land.
U 2) Dwelling unit density– unit /acre
3) Gross residential area density- total
S residential units/total land area
I developed
4) Net residential area density – total
N residential units/ total residential land
G area ( excldg roads, open spaces etc)
Study needed for :
H
1) Health factors
O 2) Social factors
U 3)
4)
Technical factors
Economic factors
S
I
N
G
ROLE OF DIFFERENT HOUSING AGENCIES.
H
O Central government
U
State government
S
I Financial Institutions
N
G
FACTORS DETRIMENTAL TO HOUSING POLICIES.
1. Standard housing projects fail to understand the need
H of the intended beneficiaries.
O 2. Location of Housing Projects – located in the outskirts

of the cities , away from work place, education &
U health care
S 3. Lack of regulatory mechanism – Housing meant for

EWS/LIG are being occupied by MIG/HIG
I 4. Lack of co-ordination between multiple govt. agencies
N 5. Inefficient land acquisition process
G
6. Increasing land price
7. Lack of supervision leading to poor construction.

POSSIBLE SOLUTION
H Introducing a multidimensional , multi-focused and holistic

approach.
O
U Physical aspects ( houses, infrastructure, facilities) should
S be attended to along with the psychological , social ,
economical, domestic and community aspects.
I This approach needs three players – Government , private
N owners, NGOs.
Major components should be
G 1) NGO intervention for addressing functional aspect.
2) Low cost houses for EWS/LIG
3) Modern high rises residential apt. and commercial
outlets for sale.
RURAL HOUSING
H A settlement is defined as an urban settlement only if :

1. Estimated population is atleast 5000 persons
O
2. Density of population /km2 is above 400
U
3. 75% of the male working population is involved in non-
S agricultural jobs.
I Rural & Urban housing problem differs :

N a) Availability of land
b) Availability of material
G c) Availability of tech, supervision
d) Economic condition
e) Living habits
f) Socio-cultural aspects.
RURAL HOUSING
H
O PROBLEMS :
U 1) Physical
2) Social
S 3) Economic
I
N GOVT. INITIATIVES :
G 1) Introduction of village housing project

2) Formation of Rural Housing Cells
3) Rural Housing Wings
SLUMS
• Areas characterized by “ substandard housing

H conditions ”within a city , are known as slums.
O • The term “substandard housing condition” should be

taken in a relative social sense referring to actual
U living conditions with reference to a given time in a
specific country.
S
• The central govt. in it’s Slum Areas Improvement &
I Clearance Act has adopted the definition of slum as
N any predominantly residential area where the
dwelling which by reason of dilapidation ,
G overcrowding, faulty design, lack of ventilation, light
or sanitary facilities or any combination of these
factors are detrimental to safety , health & morals.
REASONS FOR SLUM CREATION IN INDIA
H
O
• Adverse change in agricultural scenario
U
• Low prospects in rural areas as compared to bigger
S opportunities in cities.
I • Preference of labour market than agriculture.
N
G
HOUSING
MODULE 2:-
•Social factors influencing Housing design, affordability,
economic factors and housing concepts
•Slum upgrading and sites and services schemes.
•Different types of housing standards – methodology of
formulating standards
•Relevance of standards in housing development
HOUSING
MODULE 3:-
Different stages in project development
Layout design including utilities and common
facilities
Housing design as a result of environmental aspects
Development of technology and community
interests
Case studies of public sector housing, government
housing, private and co-operative housing , their
advantages and disadvantages

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HOUSING

•Review of different forms of housing globally

•Housing need & demand - Calculation of future need

•Housing resources and options

•Housing agencies and their contributions to housing development –

•Housing policies in India and other countries like USA & UK

S •Annual urban growth in India is at 2.4% in

I Reqd. by 2022 3.0 2.5 5.5

U •Slum rehabilitation with participation of private developers using

N •Affordable housing in partnership with public & private sectors

H Parameters Low cost housing Affordable housing

S •Size of dwelling unit

N •Available resource of •Mostly govt.

G finance agencies/micro finance

H Size EMI / Rent

H 1) Land 2) Material 3) finance.

H •Cluster housing if the most fundamental

PRIVATE BUT OPEN

O 2. Location of Housing Projects – located in the outskirts

S 3. Lack of regulatory mechanism – Housing meant for

7. Lack of supervision leading to poor construction.

H Introducing a multidimensional , multi-focused and holistic

H A settlement is defined as an urban settlement only if :

I Rural & Urban housing problem differs :

G 1) Introduction of village housing project

• Areas characterized by “ substandard housing

O • The term “substandard housing condition” should be

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