CHAPTER 2 MOBILE DEVICE - Puo
CHAPTER 2 MOBILE DEVICE - Puo
CHAPTER 2 MOBILE DEVICE - Puo
MOBILE DEVICE
2.1 CLASSIFY LAPTOPS
& COMPONENTS
2.1.1 IDENTIFY LAPTOP
COMPONENTS
EXTERNAL FEATURES UNIQUE TO LAPTOPS
•Laptop and desktop computers use the same types of ports so that peripherals can be
interchangeable. These ports are specifically designed for connecting peripherals.
•The placement of ports, connections, and drives is unique because of the compact design of a
laptop. Ports, connections, and drives are located on the exterior of the laptop, in the front, back,
and side panels. Some laptops contain PC Card or ExpressCard slots to add functionality, such as
removable memory cards, a modem, or a network connection.
•Laptops require a port for external power. Laptops can operate using either a battery or an AC
power adapter. You can use this port to power the computer or to charge the battery.
•Status indicators, ports, slots, connectors, bays, jacks, vents, and a keyhole are on the exterior of
the laptop. Figure 1 shows four LEDs on the top of the laptop.
•NOTE: LED displays vary among laptops. Consult the laptop manual for a list of specific status
displays.
•A laptop operates using either a battery or an AC power adapter. Laptop batteries are
manufactured in various shapes and sizes. They use different types of chemicals and metals to store
power.
•A security keyhole enables a user to connect a laptop to a stationary location, such as a desk, by
using a combination or keyed lock
Figure 1
• Some parts of a laptop, typically called customer-
replaceable units (CRUs), can be replaced by the customer.
CRUs include such components as the laptop battery and
RAM.
• Parts that should not be replaced by the customer are
called field-replaceable units (FRUs). FRUs include
components such as the motherboard, LCD display and
keyboard.
• Replacing FRUs typically requires a considerable amount
of technical skill. In many cases, the device may need to be
returned to the place of purchase, a certified service
center, or the manufacturer.
COMMON INPUT DEVICES & LEDs IN LAPTOPS
•Laptops are designed to be compact and portable, while maintaining much of the functionality provided by
desktop systems. As a result, essential input devices are built-in to laptops. When a laptop is open, the following
input devices may be present:
•Touchpad
•Pointing stick
•Keyboard
•Fingerprint readers
•Microphone
•Web camera
•Click the highlighted areas in Figure 1 for more information about the input devices.
NOTE: Input devices that are built-in to laptops can be configured or optimized for speed, sensitivity, scrolling, or
the number of taps needed in the same manner as input devices for desktops.
•Laptops may feature LEDs that show the status of specific devices or components. LEDs are commonly found
below the display screen or directly above the keyboard. Click the highlighted areas in Figure 2 for more
information on these LEDs.
NOTE: LEDs vary by laptop model.
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
•The compact nature of laptops requires a number of internal components to fit in a small amount of space. The size
restrictions result in a variety of form factors for a number of laptop components, such as the system board, RAM, and CPU.
Some laptop components, such as the CPU, may be designed to use less power to ensure that the system can operate for a
longer period of time when using a battery source.
Motherboards
•Desktop motherboards have standard form factors. The standard size and shape allow motherboards from different
manufacturers to be interchangeable. In comparison, laptop motherboards vary by manufacturer and are proprietary. When
you repair a laptop, it is recommended that you obtain a replacement system board from the laptop manufacturer. Next slide
shows a comparison between a desktop motherboard and a laptop motherboard.
•Laptop system boards and desktop motherboards are designed differently. Components designed for a laptop generally
cannot be used in a desktop.
RAM
•Laptops have space restrictions. Therefore, they use Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Modules (SODIMMs)
CPUs
•Laptop processors are designed to use less power and create less heat than desktop processors. As a result, laptop
processors do not require cooling devices that are as large as those found in desktops. Laptop processors also use CPU
throttling to modify the clock speed as needed to reduce power consumption and heat. This results in a slight decrease in
performance, but it increases the lifespan of some components. These specially designed processors allow laptops to operate
for a longer period of time when using a battery power source.
NOTE: Refer to the laptop manual for compatible processors and for replacement instructions.
SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS
•The purpose of the Function (Fn) key is to activate a second function on a dual-purpose key. The feature that is accessed by
pressing the Fn key in combination with another key is printed on the key in a smaller font or different color. Several functions
can be accessed:
Display settings
Display brightness
Keyboard backlight brightness
Volume setting
Sleep states
Wireless functionality
Bluetooth functionality
Battery status
NOTE: Some laptops may have dedicated function keys that perform functions without requiring users to press the Fn key.
•A laptop monitor is a built-in LCD. It is similar to a desktop LCD monitor, except that you can adjust the resolution, brightness,
and contrast settings using software or button controls. You cannot adjust the laptop monitor for height and distance because it
is integrated into the lid of the case. You can connect a desktop monitor to a laptop. Pressing the Fn key with the appropriate
Function key on the laptop keyboard toggles between the laptop display and the desktop monitor.
•Do not confuse the Fn key with Function keys F1 through F12. These keys are typically located in a row across the top of the
keyboard. Their function depends on the operating system (OS) and application that is running when they are pressed. Each key
can perform up to seven different operations by pressing it with one or more combinations of the Shift, Control, and Alt keys.
DOCKING STATION VERSUS PORT REPLICATOR
•A base station attaches to AC power and to desktop peripherals. When you plug the laptop into the base
station, you have access to power and the attached peripherals as well as an increased number of ports.
•There are two types of base stations that are used for the same purpose: docking stations and port replicators.
A port replicator may contain a SCSI port, a networking port, PS/2 ports, USB ports, and a game port. A docking
station has the same ports as a port replicator, but adds the ability to connect to PCI cards, additional hard
drives, optical drives, and floppy drives. A laptop connected to a docking station has the same functionalities as
a desktop computer.
•Docking stations and port replicators use a variety of connection types:
- Manufacturer- and model-specific
- USB and FireWire
- PC-Card or ExpressCard
•Some base stations connect to a laptop using a port that is located on the top of the docking station. Other
base stations are designed to plug directly into a USB port of the laptop. Most laptops can be docked when in
use or while shut off. Adding devices when docking can be handled with plug-and-play technology or by having
a separate hardware profile for the docked and undocked state.
NOTE: Many base stations are proprietary and only work with particular laptops. Before buying a base station,
check the laptop documentation or the website of the manufacturer to determine the appropriate make and
model for the laptop.
Port replicator
Docking station
2.1.2 IDENTIFY LAPTOP DISPLAY
COMPONENTS
LCD, LED, OLED, & PLASMA MONITORS
•Laptop monitors are built-in displays. They are similar to desktop monitors, except that you can adjust the
resolution, brightness, and contrast using software or button controls. You cannot adjust the laptop monitor for
height and distance because it is integrated into the lid of the case. You can connect a desktop monitor to a
laptop, providing the user with multiple screens and increased functionality, as shown in the figure.
•There are four types of laptop displays:
- LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
- LED (Light Emitting Diode)
- OLED (Organic LED)
- Plasma
•LED monitors use less power and have a longer lifespan than LCD monitors. Organic LED (OLED) technology is
commonly used for mobile devices and digital cameras, but can also be found in laptop concept designs. OLED
monitors will become more popular as the technology improves. Plasma displays are rarely found in laptops,
because they consume a large amount of power.
•On many laptops, a small pin on the laptop cover contacts a switch when the case is closed, called an LCD cutoff
switch. The LCD cut-off switch helps conserve power by extinguishing the backlight and turning off the LCD. If this
switch breaks or is dirty, the LCD remains dark while the laptop is open. Carefully clean this switch to restore
normal operation.
INTERNAL COMPONENTS
BACKLIGHTS & INVERTERS
•An inverter and backlight are two important display components. The
inverter converts DC power to the higher voltage AC power that is
required by the backlight. The backlight shines through the screen and
illuminates the display. Two common types of backlights are cold
cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) and LED. LED monitors use LED-based
backlights that do not have fluorescent tubes or inverters.
•LCD monitors use CCFL technology for the backlight. The fluorescent
tube is connected to an inverter. In most laptops, the inverter is
behind the screen panel and close to the LCD. The backlight is behind
the LCD screen. To replace the backlight, you must completely
disassemble the display unit.
WIFI ANTENNA CONNECTORS
•Wi-Fi antennas transmit and receive data carried
out over wireless signals. Wi-Fi antennas in laptops
are typically located above the screen.
•The Wi-Fi antenna is connected to a wireless card
by an antenna wire and antenna leads. The wires
are fastened to the display unit by wire guides
which are located on the sides of the screen.
WIFI ANTENNA
2.1.3 IDENTIFY LAPTOP POWER
SETTINGS
POWER MANAGEMENT
•Advances in power management and battery technology are increasing the time that a laptop
can be disconnected from AC power. Current batteries can last up to 10 hours or more without
recharging. Configuring laptop power settings to better manage power usage is important to
ensure that the battery is used efficiently.
•Power management controls the flow of electricity to the components of a computer. There
are two methods of power management:
•Advanced Power Management (APM)
•Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
•APM is an earlier version of power management. With APM, the BIOS controls the settings for
power management.
•ACPI has replaced APM. ACPI standards, create a bridge between the hardware and OS and
allow technicians to create power management schemes to get the best performance from a
laptop. The ACPI standards are applicable to most computers, but they are particularly
important when managing power in laptops.
MANAGING ACPI SETTINGS IN THE BIOS
•Technicians frequently are required to configure power settings by changing the settings in the BIOS setup. The next figure
shows an example of power settings in the BIOS setup. Configuring the power settings in BIOS setup affects the following:
•System states
•Battery and AC modes
•Thermal management
•CPU PCI bus power management
•Wake on LAN (WOL)
NOTE: WOL might require a cable connection inside the computer from the network adapter to the motherboard.
•In Windows, the ACPI power management mode must be enabled in the BIOS setup to allow the OS to configure the power
management states.
•To enable ACPI mode in the BIOS setup, follow these steps:
Step 1. Enter BIOS setup.
Step 2. Locate and enter the Power Management settings menu item.
Step 3. Use the appropriate keys to enable ACPI mode.
Step 4. Save and exit BIOS setup.
NOTE: These steps are common to most laptops, but be sure to check the laptop documentation for specific configuration
settings. There is no standard name for each power management state. Manufacturers might use different names for the
same state.
MANAGING POWER LAPTOPS OPTION
The Power Options utility in Windows allows you to reduce the power consumption of specific devices or the entire system. You can manage power usage for the following:
•Laptop
•Hard drive
•Display
•Sleep timers
•Low-battery warnings
To configure power settings in Windows 7 and Windows Vista, use the following path:
•Start > Control Panel > Power Options
To configure power settings in Windows XP, use the following path:
•Start > Control Panel > Power Options
•Laptop Power Options
If you do not want to completely shut down the laptop when you press the power button, you can adjust settings to reduce power usage.
To access the Define power buttons and turn on password protection menu in Windows 7 and Windows Vista, click the Choose what the power buttons do link on the left hand side of the
Power Options utility. In Windows XP, the Power buttons settings can be accessed by selecting the Advanced tab in the Power Options utility.
In Windows 7 and Windows Vista, the options are:
•Do nothing - The computer continues to run at full power.
•Sleep - Documents and applications are saved in RAM, allowing the computer to power on quickly.
•Hibernate - Documents and applications are saved to a temporary file on the hard drive. The laptop takes a little longer than Sleep to power on.
In Windows XP, the options are:
•Standby - Documents and applications are saved in RAM, allowing the computer to power on quickly.
•Hibernate - Documents and applications are saved to a temporary file on the hard drive. The laptop takes a little longer than Standby to power on.
Hard Drive and Display Power Management
•Two of the biggest power consumers on a laptop are the hard drive and display. You can select when to turn the hard drive or display off when the laptop is
running on a battery or AC adapter.
•To adjust the power settings for a hard drive, display, or other computer component in Windows 7 and Windows Vista, follow these steps:
Step 1. Click Start > Control Panel > Power Options.
Step 2. Locate the power plan.
Step 3. Click Change plan settings.
Step 4. Click Change advanced power settings.
•To access the Advanced Power Settings in Windows XP, use the following path:
Start > Control Panel > Power Options > Advanced tab
Sleep Timers
•Customized sleep timers for Windows 7 and Windows Vista Power Plans settings. The Windows XP Power Schemes settings.
•To configure sleep timers in Windows 7 and Windows Vista, follow these steps:
Step 1. Click Start > Control Panel > Power Options.
Step 2. Click Change when the computer sleeps and select the desired time.
•To configure sleep timers in Windows XP, use the following path:
Start > Control Panel > Power Options and select the desired time
Battery Warnings
•In Windows, you can set the levels for battery warnings. The default for a low-battery warning is 10 percent remaining capacity. The default for critical battery
level is 5 percent. You can also set the type of notification and the action to take, such as whether to sleep, hibernate, or shut down the laptop when the battery
capacity reaches the specified level.
2.1.4 IDENTIFY LAPTOP WIRELESS COMM
TECHNOLOGIES
BLUETOOTH
•The Bluetooth technical specification is described by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.1 standard. Bluetooth
devices are capable of handling voice, music, videos, and data.
•The distance of a Bluetooth PAN is limited by the amount of power used by the devices in the PAN. Bluetooth devices are broken into three
classifications. The most common Bluetooth network is Class 2, which has a range of approximately 33 ft (10 m).
•Four specifications of Bluetooth technology, define the standards for data transfer rates. Each subsequent version offers enhanced
capabilities. For instance, Version 1 is older technology with limited capabilities, and Version 4 features more advanced capabilities.
•Security measures are included in the Bluetooth standard. The first time that a Bluetooth device connects, the device is authenticated using a
PIN. Bluetooth supports both 128-bit encryption and PIN authentication.
Bluetooth Installation and Configuration
•Windows activates connections to Bluetooth devices by default. If the connection is not active, look for a switch on the front face or on the
side of the laptop to enable the connection. If a laptop does not feature Bluetooth technology, you can purchase USB Bluetooth adapters that
plug in to a USB port.
•Before installing and configuring a device, make sure that Bluetooth is enabled in the BIOS.
•Turn on the device and make it discoverable to Windows. Check the device documentation to learn how to make the device discoverable. Use
the Bluetooth Wizard to search and discover Bluetooth devices that are in Discoverable mode.
Step 3. Click My device is set up and ready to be found > Next.
Step 4. Select the discovered device and click Next.
Step 5. If prompted, enter a passkey and click Next.
Step 6. Click Finish.
• To discover a Bluetooth device in Windows 7, follow these steps:
Step 1. Click Start > Control Panel > Devices and Printers > Add a device.
Step 2. Select the discovered device and click Next.
Step 3. Enter the pairing code provided by Windows 7 into the Bluetooth device.
Step 4. When the device has been successfully added, click Close.
• In Windows Vista, follow these steps:
Step 1. Click Start > Control Panel > Network and Internet > Set up a Bluetooth enabled device >
Device > Add.
Step 2. If prompted, click Continue. The Add Bluetooth Device Wizard starts.
Step 3. Click My device is set up and ready to be found > Next.
Step 4. Select the discovered device and click Next.
Step 5. If prompted, enter a passkey and click Finish.
• In Windows XP, follow these steps:
Step 1. Click Start > Control Panel > Bluetooth Devices > Device > Add.
Step 2. The Add Bluetooth Device Wizard starts.
INFRARED
•Infrared (IR) wireless technology is a low-power, short-range wireless technology. IR transmits data using LEDs and receives data using photodiodes. IR wireless networks are globally
unregulated. However, the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines the specifications for IR wireless communication. Figure 1 lists common IR characteristics.
•Three common types of IR networks:
Line of sight - The signal is transmitted only if there is a clear, unobstructed view between devices.
Scatter - The signal is bounced off ceilings and walls.
Reflective - The signal is sent to an optical transceiver and is redirected to the receiving device.
•Setting up and configuring IR devices is simple. Many IR devices connect to the USB port on a laptop or desktop computer. When the computer detects the new device, Windows 7 installs the
appropriate drivers. The installation is similar to setting up a LAN connection.
•IR is a practical, short-range connection solution, but it has some limitations:
-IR light cannot penetrate ceilings or walls.
-IR signals are susceptible to interference and dilution by strong light sources, such as fluorescent lighting.
-Scatter IR devices can connect without the line of sight, but data transfer rates are lower and distances are shorter.
-IR distances should be 3 feet (1 m) or less when used for computer communications.
-Before installing and configuring a device, make sure that IR is enabled in the BIOS by following these steps:
Step 1. Turn on the device to make it discoverable to Windows.
Step 2. Align the devices.
Step 3. When the devices are correctly aligned, an icon appears on the taskbar with a pop-up message.
Step 4. Click the pop-up message to display the Infrared dialog box.
•Laptops without an internal IR device can connect a serial IR transceiver to a serial port or USB port. Next figure shows an internal IR port transceiver.
•You can also access the Infrared dialog box in the Control Panel. You can configure the following settings:
Infrared - Control how you are notified about an IR connection, and control how files are transferred.
Image Transfer - Control how images are transferred from a digital camera.
Hardware - Lists IR devices that are installed on the computer.
internal IR port transceiver on a PDA
Memory card
Non-Upgradeable Hardware
• Some functionality can be added to mobile devices
through the use of built-in ports and docking stations.
These connections offer expandability, such as video
or audio output, a connection to a docking station, or
docking to a clock radio.