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    Classification of CNC Machines

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    parth solanki
    This document classifies CNC machines based on their motion type, loop control system, and number of axes. It discusses: 1) Contouring and point-to-point motion type systems. Contouring machines like mills and lathes cut continuously along paths, while point-to-point machines like drills and taps move and cut between positions. 2) Closed and open loop control systems. Closed loop systems use feedback to monitor operations and adjust for variations, making them more accurate. Open loop systems lack feedback. 3) Machines with two to five axes of motion. More axes allow for more complex part geometries to be machined in a single setup but require more expensive

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    Classification of CNC Machines

    Uploaded by

    parth solanki
    265 views10 pages
    This document classifies CNC machines based on their motion type, loop control system, and number of axes. It discusses: 1) Contouring and point-to-point motion type systems. Contouring machines like mills and lathes cut continuously along paths, while point-to-point machines like drills and taps move and cut between positions. 2) Closed and open loop control systems. Closed loop systems use feedback to monitor operations and adjust for variations, making them more accurate. Open loop systems lack feedback. 3) Machines with two to five axes of motion. More axes allow for more complex part geometries to be machined in a single setup but require more expensive

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    CLASSIFICATION OF CNC MACHINES

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    This document classifies CNC machines based on their motion type, loop control system, and number of axes. It discusses: 1) Contouring and point-to-point motion type systems. Contouring machines like mills and lathes cut continuously along paths, while point-to-point machines like drills and taps move and cut between positions. 2) Closed and open loop control systems. Closed loop systems use feedback to monitor operations and adjust for variations, making them more accurate. Open loop systems lack feedback. 3) Machines with two to five axes of motion. More axes allow for more complex part geometries to be machined in a single setup but require more expensive

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    265 views10 pages

    Classification of CNC Machines

    Uploaded by

    parth solanki
    This document classifies CNC machines based on their motion type, loop control system, and number of axes. It discusses: 1) Contouring and point-to-point motion type systems. Contouring machines like mills and lathes cut continuously along paths, while point-to-point machines like drills and taps move and cut between positions. 2) Closed and open loop control systems. Closed loop systems use feedback to monitor operations and adjust for variations, making them more accurate. Open loop systems lack feedback. 3) Machines with two to five axes of motion. More axes allow for more complex part geometries to be machined in a single setup but require more expensive

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    CLASSIFICATION OF CNC MACHINES

    M6A
    176040319078
    CLASSIFICATION OF CNC MACHINES
    1.     Motion type CNC Control:
                Based on the basic difference of the machine to be
    controlled there are two types of machine tools and control
    system. “Contouring systems” and “Point to point control
    system”.
    1.1   Contouring system:
     This type of machine tools works in a continuous path by

    cutting the material and following a contour of the part. 


    These machine tools are known as contouring machines
    which includes Milling, lathe and routing machines. These
    contouring machines are also capable of doing the work
    same as point to point system. These contouring system
    machines require simulations movement of the tool and the
    work piece i.e., the positions of the work piece and the tool
    are simultaneously controlled by a control system. These
    machines are uneconomical if it’s used as only point to
    1.2   Point to point control system:
    The work piece and the tool are placed in the position and the tool does its work.
    These types of machines are called point to point systems.  The drilling, tapping and
    boring machines are characterized under these types. The work piece is not moved
    until the tool finishes the job and retracts to the safety.  The point to point control
    system works as shown in the below figure.
    2.     Loop control CNC systems:
    Based on the looping system the CNC systems are classified into two categories,
    “Open loop system” and “closed loop system”.

    2.1   Closed Loop system:


    Since this type of system has feedback from the control system to the actual and the
    programmed input we call it as closed loop system. The CNC systems works on
    servo mechanism and it’s a closed loop principle. The feedback can be measured by
    analog or the digital systems. The analog systems measure the physical variables
    such as position and velocity in terms of voltage levels and digital systems monitor by
    electrical pulses.  These closed loop systems are accurate and powerful because of
    their capability of monitoring operational condition through feedback systems and
    automatically adjusting the variations in real time.
    2.2   Open Loop system:

    Open loop system are the systems in which instructions of program are sent into the
    controller through the input device and then these instructions are converted to the
    signals by the controller and sent to the servo amplifiers to energize the servo motors.
    The open loop systems are usually used in the point to point control systems where the
    accuracy doesn’t matter much and in few continuous path control system since there is
    no feedback from the system the result may deviate from the actual.
    3.     Number of axis type CNC Control:

    3.1   Two axis control system:


    Two axis control system is a machine which give access to only two axis. The best
    example is the lathe machine.  The machine driven with the servo motor allows you
    only 2 axis, i.e., X and the z Axis.  Here in lathe the job will be rotating and the tool
    will be moving in 2 directions, indicating the depth Z and the cut in X direction.  So the
    program is done with x and the Z direction, where as in lathe universally use U and V
    which is implies same as X and Y.

    3.2   Two and half axis control system:


    Two and half axis control system  is also a three axis machine but the movement will
    not be 3 dimensional. These are the best example for drilling and tapping machines.
    First the X and the Y axis are moved to the position and then the third axis comes to
    effect.  In some of the machines the first X movement is made and the Y movement
    to reach the XY destination when it is in rapid, But while in feed or machining mode it
    does its work with 2 dimensional moving along x and y simultaneously, These type of
    machines may also called as two and half axis machines or 2.5 axis machine.
    3.3   Three axis control system:
    Three axis control systems are the machines which moves in three dimensional
    i.e., X, Y and Z axis move simultaneously. These are the most popular machines
    which can produce high accurate precision parts with three axis machines. The
    servo motor control the movements as per the instructions are given.  The three
    axis has verity of machines based on their bed lengths.  As the bed length
    increases the cost of the machine increases.  The number of setups increases
    and the cost also increases, three axis machines are limited for simple jobs and
    straight forward 3 axis jobs.

    3.4   Four axis control system:


    In Four axis control system is a three axis machine with an extra rotation on B-
    axis, four axis can be a vertical machine or an horizontal machine.
    In vertical CNC machine the rotary head is added on the side of the machine bed.
    The machine works as the three axis machine but it has a rotary head for
    example if the holes have be machined on the tube, the tube can be mounted on
    the rotary B-axis and the drilling in the required angle. But vertical 4-axis
    machines are limited for the small jobs.
    Horizontal 4-axis machines are used worldwide for successful machining of big
    parts in a single setup, where it takes 2-3 setups in a 3-axis machine. The part is
    mounted on the bed which has 360 rotations around Y direction i.e., B-Axis giving
    chance for the tool to cut on the angled faces in a single setup.
    3.5   Five axis control system:
    Five axis control system are the three axis machines with an extra rotation along Y
    and Z directions which are called B-axis and A-axis. As in Four axis machines B
    rotation is given by the bed and the A-axis rotation is given by the spindle movement
    called PIVOT point.  Using a five axis machine reduces the cycle time by machining
    the complex parts in a single setup and improves the accuracy on the positional
    errors by eliminating the setups.
                    Five axis machining gives improved access to the under cuts and deep
    pockets by tilting the tool and also gives good surface finish and the tool life by tilting
    the tool to maintain optimum tool to part contact all the times.  

    There are more than five axis control systems in the world making aerospace and
    automobile industries to achieve their accuracy and meet the requirements. 
    2-AXIS CNC
    5-AXIS CNC MACHINE

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