ORAL

COMMUNICATIO
N
INTRODUCTION (with
objectives)
 Aims to develop effective
communication (listening and
speaking skills in any situation)
 Aims to guide students to become
multi-skilled in different methods
of learning and be flexible under
different communication
circumstances
 Aims to instill a lasting
Ensuring the lifelong
learning is achieved:
 As structured in Socio-
Cognitive Transformative
Model in English as a Second
Language Pedagogy
(see next slide, Figure 1)
Unit 1:
Nature and Elements
of Communication
(Understanding
Communication)
Let us define!
COMMUNICATION
 Communication
 A process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels,
contexts, media, and cultures. There is a
wide variety of contexts and situations in
which communication can be manifested; it
can be face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting
or interview, a class recitation, and many
others
 Communication
 The process by which people
exchange messages. The
message can be delivered
orally, such as in speeches or
reports, or through written
symbols, such as Facebook
posts or letters.
 Communication
 It is also characterized by a social
aspect. The relationship of the
communicators affect the way they
interact, and through the social
aspect, successful communication
happens because people agree on
the meaning of words and
expressions.
 Nature of Communication
1.Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two
or more people (the speaker and the
receiver).
3.Communication can be expressed
through words (verbal), actions
(nonverbal), or both at the same
time. (Cite examples)
Q: What do you think is
the other important
part of
communication?
A: LANGUAGE
Elements of Communication
Speaker
Message
Encoding
Channel
Decoding
Receiver
Feedback
Context
Barrier
Speaker
 The source of information or
message
 Shares ideas by transforming
their thoughts and feelings into
messages
Message
 The information, meanings,
ideas, feelings, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in
words or in actions.
Encoding
 The process of converting
the message into words,
actions, or other forms that
the speaker understands
Channel
 The medium or the means,
such as personal or non-
personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is
conveyed
Two major
channels:
1.Visual (light) – enables
communicators to send and receive
visible information (Cite examples)

2.Auditory (sound) – enables listeners

to receive information and interpret it
through the tone, volume, and pitch
of the speaker’s voice (Cite examples)
Decoding
 The process of
interpreting the encoded
message of the speaker
by the receiver
Receiver
(listener)
 The recipient of the
message, or someone who
decodes the message
 Receives, interprets, and
responds to the message
Feedback
 The reactions, responses, or
information provided by the
receiver. (Cite examples)
 Through feedback, the sender can
determine whether the message is
received or not and how it is
interpreted and understood. (question)
Five types of
context:
A. Physical context
B. Social context
C. Psychological context
D. Cultural context
E. Historical context
Physical Context
 The setting where the
communication takes place,
the time of the day, the
environmental condition,
distance of communicators,
or seating arrangement
Social Context
 Nature of
relationship, it also
sets the formality of
the interaction (Cite
examples)
Psychological Context
 Moods and feelings of
communicator. (Cite example)
Q: Why you need to be considerate with
other people’s feelings?

A: to achieve effective
communication
Cultural Context
 Beliefs, values, and norms share
by a group of people. Sharing
same race and culture interact
easily.
No to:
“DEAD AIR”
Historical Context
 Background provided by
previous interactions of
communicators, affect
current exchange.
Barrier
 The factors that
affect the flow of
communication. (Cite
examples)
Q: What is the common
barrier/disruption in
communication?

A: NOISE
Three types of noise:
1. External noise – includes sights, sounds,
and any other distractions in the physical
environment. (Cite examples)
2. Internal noise – refers to the distractions
within the communicator, categorized as
either physiological or biological noise, or
psychological noise. (Cite examples)
3. Semantic noise – involves the unintentional
misunderstanding caused by ambiguity,
ethnic slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech.
(Cite examples)
 Process of Communication Example

The speaker generates an idea. Daphne loves Rico as a friend.

The speaker encodes an idea or converts the She thinks of how to tell him using their
idea into words or actions. native language.

The speaker transmits or sends out a She tells him, “Rico, I love you as a friend”.
message.

Rico hears what Daphne says.

The receiver gets the message.

He tries to analyze what she means, and he

The receiver decodes or interprets the is heartbroken.
message based on the context.

He frowns and does not say something,

The receiver sends or provides feedback. because he is in pain.
Exercise!
Ask someone
a 3 minute activity
 Guidelines
in
Communicating
Effectively
As a SPEAKER, follow the guidelines
below:
 Use concise and simple words
 Take note of the environment where you are speaking
and adjust your voice accordingly
 Use verbal and non-verbal means to get your
message across clearly
 Consider your listener’s context. State your message
in a way which can be easily understood
 Pay attention to your listener’s non-verbal cues.
 Rephrase your statement or use gestures if your
listener does not understand the message
 After speaking, give your listener a chance to share
his/her feedback
As a LISTENER, follow the guidelines
below:
Practice self-awareness by being conscious of your
own behavior, feelings, and habits when listening to
a speaker.
 Avoid being distracted by listening actively and
paying close attention to the speaker.
 Use non-verbal cues, such as nodding, to show that
you are listening.
 Focus on the speaker and maintain eye contact
during the conversation to show smooth connection.
 If unsure about what you heard, clarify with the
speaker if your understanding of the message is
right before responding.
 Provide feedback to let the speaker know that you
 Models
of
Communicatio
n
Shannon-Weaver Model
 Known as the mother of all communication
models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949)
depicts communication as a linear or one-way
process consisting of five elements
 Five Elements:
a.Source (producer of message)
b.Transmitter (encoder of message into signals)
c.Channel (signals adapted for transmission)
d.Receiver (decoder of message from the signal)
e.Destination
Shannon-Weaver Model
Q: What important
element is
missing in the
model?
A: FEEDBACK
Transaction Model of
Communication
 It is a two-way process
with the inclusion of
feedback as one
element.
Transaction Model of
Communication
Let us compare!
Shannon-Weaver Model
and
Transaction Model
Schramm Model

 Schramm (1954) modified

the Shannon-Weaver model.
Schramm Model
Exercise!
 What has Schramm added to the
Shannon-Weavers model?
 Is the new model more
comprehensive? Why do you think
so?
 How is it different from or similar to
the transaction model?
Some of the most prominent
models are:
I. Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered
Model
II.Schramm’s Model of
Communication
III.Source-Message-Channel-
Receiver (SMCR) Model
IV.Linear, Interactive, Transactional
Models
I. Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered
Model
 It focuses on the speaker.
 It describes a one-way interaction and
is most applicable for public speaking
(Narula, 2006).
 It explains that communication starts
when the speaker develops proof or the
argument used for persuasion, and this
proof will then be organized, written in
the most convincing way, and then
presented before an audience.
II. Schramm’s Model of
Communication
 In 1954, Wilbur Schramm, an
American scholar, proposed that
encoding or the act of
transforming a message into a
verbal or non-verbal medium, and
decoding the act of interpreting
the message, are simultaneously
done by both the speaker and the
listener.
II. Schramm’s Model of
Communication
 It shows a cycle of communication between
the encoder and the decoder who shift roles
as the messages are exchanged.
 The decoder provides feedback as soon as
the message is understood and a response is
formed. In giving feedback, he/she becomes
the sender, and the original sender becomes
the receiver.
 In this model, since the message is being
decoded and understood by both
communicators, they are both marked as
interpreters.
III. Source-Message-Channel-
Receiver (SMCR) Model
 It is proposed by David Berlo (1960). It
suggests five elements in the communication
process:
a. Sender - source of the message
b. Message - the idea sent by the sender
c. Channel - medium through which the idea is
sent
d. Receiver - who gets the message
e. Feedback - the response of the receiver
III. Source-Message-Channel-
Receiver (SMCR) Model
 The figure shows how the
elements interact with each
other. If one of these is not
properly functioning, it can
affect the whole process and
can eventually lead to a failure
of communication.
IV. Linear, Interactive, and
Transactional Models
 Other rhetoricians and communication
specialists such as Kinneavy, Bitzer, Westley
and Maclean, Ruesh and Bateson, and
Barlund also came up with their own
communication models; however their works
are quite complicated and difficult to
comprehend.
 The linear, interactive, and transactional
communication models which were proposed
by Adler & Rodman (2011) do not only
present comparatively simpler structures
but also provide meaningful understanding
A. The Linear
Communication Model
 It illustrates communication as a
one-way activity where message
or information flows from the
speaker to the listener.
 This means that the transmission
of message starts from an active
sender and ends with the passive
receiver.
B. The Interactive
Communication Model
 It shows a two-way exchange which
features the element of feedback. The
sender composes and delivers a
message to a receiver, who in return
composes and delivers a response.
 Interactions which require both
parties to respond (ex. a job interview
or telephone conversation)
C. The Transactional
Communication Model
 It uses the term participant
(communicator) to refer to the
sender and the receiver.
 It includes additional elements of
noise and environment.
 Noise indicates the possibility of
unsuccessful communication.
C. The Transactional
Communication Model
 Environment refers not only to the
physical, social, psychological,
cultural, and historical contexts, but
also to the personal history and
schema which every participant brings
to the interaction.
 Schema is the participants’ knowledge
of the world or his/her accumulated
experiences. It affects the way a
C. The Transactional
Communication Model
 In the diagram, the shaded part
signifies the aspects the two
participants have in common that
allow them to understand each other.
 Example: Despite different cultures, a
Filipino and a Japanese can
understand each other when they talk
about their favorite movie, gadgets,
sports, or hobbies.
The transactional model also
differs from the first two
models:
This model provides a better picture of the
communication process by showing the interplay of the
different elements like communication/participants,
messages, environment, and noise.
 It illustrates that communicators often send and receive
messages at the same time. While one participant
sends, receives, and decodes messages, the other
participant simultaneously does the same thing. In
essence this model shows that the roles of speaker and
listener should not be separated as if a person were
doing only one or the other at one time (Rogers &
Kincard, 1981).
The transactional model also
differs from the first two
models:
 This model explains that one
communication ‘act,’ such as a
response to a message, is influenced
by communication incidents that
happen before it.
 This model stresses that
communication is not something
participants do to one another,
rather, it is a process which enables
them to develop a relationship by
ACTIVITY!
1.If ASCM only focuses on the speaker, how
does it affect the role of the receiver?
2.In Schramm’s Model of Communication, do
speaker and receiver encode or decode at
the same time? Y/N, why?
3.Which is more effective or better,
interactive, linear, or transactional? Why?
 ORAL
COMMUNICATIO
N
 Functions
of
Communicatio
n
 Functions of
Communication
1.Control or Regulation
2.Social Interaction
3.Motivation
4.Emotional Expression
5.Information Dissemination
 Control or Regulation
 Communication functions to control behavior,
thus, people communicate to manage the
behavior of others.
 Example:
In a company, communication is used to
maintain control over employees and their
work environment. This communication comes
in the form of policies and other written
materials which dictate how employees are to
act in the workplace.
 Social Interaction
 Communication allows individuals to
interact with others, thus, people
communicate to connect with each other.
 Humans are social beings who mingle in
different settings.
 Example:
A group of friends hang out in bars or cafes
to talk and catch up on each other’s
activities.
 Motivation
 Communication motivates or encourages
people to live better, thus, people
communicate to encourage others to
improve or become better.
 Example:
A coach may give a pep talk to his team
before a big tournament to get their spirits
up and deliver a positive performance.
 Emotional Expression
 Communication facilitates people’s
expression of their feelings and
emotions, thus, people
communicate to express how they
feel.
 Example:
A man may express his affection for
another person by verbally saying it
or through a simple gesture such as a
Information Dissemination
 Communication functions to convey
information, thus, people
communicate to share and gain
information.
 Example:
In a class discussion, the teacher is
not only one who gives information;
students also have the opportunity
to share what they know.
Exercise!
Identify the function of communication in each of
the following situations.
1.The teacher reads and discusses classroom
policies to her students.
2.Ross greets Rachel; then, they start talking
about their plans for the holidays.
3.Phoebe shares her insights on how to live
peacefully despite a complicated life.
4.Monica shares her personal frustrations with
Chandler.
5.The geometry teacher lectures about
mathematical concepts.
Exercise!
6.Sheila delivers her valedictory speech.
7.The President delivers his last State of the
Nation Address.
8.A television personality thanks the
supportive moviegoers during an interview.
9.The city mayor presents her strategies to
execute the plans in a public forum.
10.A tourist guide orients a group of tourists
about a heritage site.
 Features of
an Effective
Communicatio
n
 Features of an Effective Communication

In their pioneer book Effective Public

Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and
Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective
Communication.
1.Completeness
2.Conciseness
3.Consideration
4.Concreteness
5.Courtesy
6.Clearness
7.Correctness
 Completeness
 It is essential to the quality of the
communication process in general.
 Communication should include
everything that the receiver needs
to hear for him/her to respond,
react, or evaluate properly.
 Conciseness
 It does not mean keeping the
message short, but making it
direct or straight to the point.
 Insignificant or redundant
information should be
eliminated from the
communication that will be
sent to the recipient.
 Consideration
 To be effective, the speaker
should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver
such as mood, background, race,
preference, education, status,
needs, among others.
 By doing so, he/she can easily
build rapport with the audience.
 Concreteness
 Effective communication
happens when the message is
concrete and supported by
facts, figures, and real-life
examples and situations.
 In this case, the receiver is
more connected to the
message conveyed.
 Courtesy
 The speaker shows courtesy in
communication by respecting
the culture, values, and beliefs
of his/her receivers.
 Being courteous all the time
creates a positive impact on
the audience.
 Clearness
 It implies the use of simple and
specific words to express
ideas.
 It is also achieved when the
speaker focuses only on a
single objective in his/her
speech so as not to confuse
the audience.
 Correctness
 Correctness in grammar
eliminates negative impact on
the audience and increases
the credibility and
effectiveness of the message.
 Barriers
to
Communicatio
n
Barriers to Communication
 There are instances when
communication breaks down and
misunderstanding occurs because
of certain barriers.
 To become an effective
communicator, you should
recognize these barriers that
hinder the communication process.
This will enable you to control the
 Barriers to Communication
BARRIER EXAMPLE SOLUTION
You are having a bad Recognize these kinds of
day or you feel emotions, and politely ask
the other person to give
frustrated. you a moment so you can
1. EMOTIONAL relax or calm yourself.
BARRIERS You sit in a meeting Recognize this kind of
or class where you attitude, reset, and reflect
on how you can be
think the speaker is interested in what the
boring. speaker is pointing out.
2. USE OF JARGON You are a scientist Jargon refers to the set of
discussing a certain specialized vocabulary in a
certain field. To avoid
weather phenomenon communication breakdown
with your neighbor due to lack of clarity,
who does not know adjust your language; use
much about the topic. layman’s terms or simple
words.
 Barriers to Communication
BARRIER EXAMPLE SOLUTION

3. LACK OF You are asked to Develop self-confidence by

joining organizations
CONFIDENCE share something where you can share and
about your day or develop your interests.
Look for opportunities in
weekend, but you your school or community
are hesitant that will help you find your
because you are strengths and improve
your abilities.
shy.
4. NOISY You are having a Recognize that noise is a
common barrier. Make
ENVIRONMENT conversation some adjustments by
asking someone to
with some minimize the volume or by
friends when a looking for a quiet area
where you can resume the
song was played conversation.
loudly.
 Verbal

Communicatio
 Verbal Communication
 Refers to an interaction in which words
are used to relay a message.
 For effective and successful verbal
communication, use words to express
ideas which can be easily understood
by the person you are talking to.
 Involves the use of language to
express ideas.
 Needs to Consider in Verbal
Communication

1.Appropriateness
2.Brevity
3.Clarity
4.Ethics
5.Vividness
 Needs to Consider in Verbal
Communication
1.Appropriateness – the language that you use
should be appropriate to the environment or
occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal)
2.Brevity – Speakers who often use simple yet
precise and powerful words are found to be
more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being
more direct with your words. Avoid fillers and
insubstantial expressions which do not add to
the message, such as “uh”, “you know”, “I
guess,” and others.
 Needs to Consider in Verbal
Communication
3.Clarity – The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas
may be interpreted differently by a listener;
hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your
message and express your ideas and feelings.
4.Ethics – Words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
preferences, and status of the person or people
you are talking to.
5.Vividness – Words that vividly or creatively
describe things or feelings usually add color and
spice to communication; hence, you are
encouraged to find ways to charm your audience
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
A.Language is made up of symbols.
B.Language enables internal and
external communication.
C.Language is governed by rules.
D.Language is based on social
convention.
E.Language can be learned.
F.Language evolves.
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
A.Language is made up of symbols.
 Every language contains symbols or elements which
can create meaning when put together in a certain way.
 Example: Books are composed of written symbols (the
letters of the alphabet and punctuation marks). In
isolation, these elements are meaningless but when put
together, they gain meaning.
B.Language enables internal and external
communication.
 A speaker uses language to engage in an internal
conversation with him/herself. At the same time,
language also enables the speaker to talk to or respond
to others through oral or written means.
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
C.Language is governed by rules.
 Lindfors asserts that language is made
up of phonological, syntactic, and
semantic components (1987).
 Adler and Rodman (2011) also discuss a
fourth element, the regulative
component of language.
 These four components are the rules
that govern language.
 Four components of
language:
1.Phonological Component
2.Syntactic Component
3.Semantic Component
4.Regulative Component
 Four components of
language:
1.Phonological Component
 It involves the rules for combining sounds to form
words.
 Example: in English the /ng/ sound can be found in the
middle and/or end of a word, such as the word
“ringing,” but it cannot be used at the beginning.
2.Syntactic Component
 It consists of the rules that enable speakers to combine
words meaningfully to form sentences.
 Example: The utterance “How do I love thee? Let me
count the ways” contains correct English sentences,
but “Let me how thee? Count ways love the I do.” does
 Four components of
language:
3.Semantic Component
 It governs how meaning is conveyed in a language.
 It goes beyond the literal interpretation of words,
and uses the shared culture to carry the meaning
successfully.
 Example: “break a leg”
Semantic component enables English speakers to
understand that telling it to someone means to wish
him/her luck on a performance instead of wishing
him/her to injure a limb.
 Four components of
language:
4.It governs how a message is interpreted
appropriately in a given context.
 Example:
Native English speakers usually say “See you later”
as a closing greeting.
The message technically means that the speaker
will meet the listener in the immediate future
In regulative rule of the English language: It tells
the listener that it was simply a way of ending the
conversation.
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
D. Language is based on social convention.
 The meaning of words in a language is based on
social convention or the agreement of the
community who speaks the same language, like a
community establishes how an expression or a
word in their language is to be used and
interpreted.
 Example:
The word “salvage”
It means to save something from being destroyed.
In Philippines, speakers use the word to refer to act
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
E. Language can be learned.
 People can learn various languages
through formal education,
immersion, migration, and other
ways.
 Example:
A Filipino who migrates to France
will, in time, be able to speak French
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
F. Language evolves.
 Unique expressions, newly-coined words, and distinct language patterns arise
out of emerging trends and the creativity of speakers.
 Examples:
Newly-coined words: unfriend, groufie, and hashtag. Jejemon, a distinct way of
encoding text which is popular among the Filipino youth, is a language pattern
which emerged when texting became popular.
Examples of new expressions:
Tom Jones – hungry
Luz Valdez – loser
Tai chi – dead
Chaka- - ugly
Crayola – crying
Echoz – not true
 I. Basic Concepts of Language

People who use jejemon language pattern are

also called ‘jejemon.’
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
F. Language evolves.
 Language not only changes through time; it can also change based
on the place.
 Example:
People from different provinces who speak the same language will
definitely understand each other. However, there might be
differences in their accents because of their geographical
separation.
 Dialects – different versions of the same language
 Differences can be recognized by accent or intonation pattern, the
length of vowels, and/or vocabulary choice.
 Example:
British English is not only different in accent from American English,
it is also different in terms of other language aspects.
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
DIALECT BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

Vocabulary Trousers Pants

Skycraper High-rise
Chips Fries
Wicked Cool

Spelling Colour Color

Agonise Agonize

Expressions It’s half-past It’s three thirty.

three. I think it’s going to
I reckon it’s going be a good show.
to be a good show.
 I. Basic Concepts of Language
G. People, not words, create meaning.
 The meanings of words depend on how people interpret
and process them, and it vary in different ways since
people have unique backgrounds.
 Example:
‘Filipino way of life’ – two listeners can interpret it in two
different ways depending on their social, cultural, and
individual orientations.
1.A Filipino who lives in a posh condominium unit in Global
City in Taguig interprets it as “a life ease and
abundance.”
2.A Filipino who lives in a shanty, in a squatter’s area in
 Verbal Communication
 All the characteristics of language show that
knowledge of the technical properties of language is
not enough to make meaning.
 Consulting a dictionary only helps a little in
determining meaning for several reasons:
1.A word can contain several meanings.
2.One cannot consult the dictionary while in a
conversation.
3.Words gain different interpretations when used in
conjunction with other words. Ultimately, language
obtains meaning when people communicate and draw
on the shared context to understand.
 Non-verbal

Communicatio
 Non-verbal Communication
 Refers to an interaction where behavior is
used to convey and represent meanings.
 All kinds of human responses that are not
expressed in words are classified as
nonverbal communication.
 Examples:
Stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements,
manners of walking, standing and sitting,
appearance, style of attire, attitude towards
punctuality and space, personality, and
others.
 Mastery of nonverbal communication is
important for several reasons:
1.It enhances and emphasizes the message of your
speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful
and relevant.
2.It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and
perceptions without you saying a word.
3.It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep
them engaged in the speech.
4.It gives the audience a preview to the type of
speaker you are.
5.It makes you appear more dynamic and animated
Mastery of nonverbal communication is
important for several reasons:
6.It serves as a channel to release
tension and nervousness.
7.It helps make your speech more
dramatic.
8.It can build a connection with listeners.
9.It makes you a credible speaker.
10.It helps you vary your speaking style
and avoid a monotonous delivery.
 Non-verbal Communication
 Some of the non-verbal cues: body gestures, facial expressions and vocal variety.
 Examples of vocal and non-vocal manifestations of verbal and non-verbal
communication.

Type Vocal Non-vocal

Verbal Spoken words Written words
Communication
Non-verbal Sighs, screams, • Bodily motions
laughs, fillers, vocal • Facial expressions,
Communication qualities and features eye contact,
(tone, loudness, pitch, gestures, postures
speed and pacing) • Touch
• Use of space and
time
• Personal
 I. Characteristics of Non-
verbal Communication
A.Non-verbal cues show
interaction among people
B.Non-verbal cues suggest how
people feel
C.Non-verbal cues provide
clues, not facts
 II. Functions of Non-verbal
Communication
A.Complementing
B.Contradicting
C.Accenting
D.Substituting
E.Regulating
F.Repeating
 III. Types of Non-verbal
Symbols
Non-verbal cues can be classified into
six groups:
A.Kinesics (Bodily Motions)
B.Paralanguage (Use of Voice)
C.Haptics (Use of Touch)
D.Proxemics (Use of Space)
E.Personal Appearance
 Kinesics (Bodily Motions)
 It is the study of body language
as a form of non-verbal
communication.
 Body language:
1.Eye contact
2.Facial expression
3.Gestures
 Paralanguage (Use of
 Voice)
Refers to the non-verbal sounds accompanying oral
language. These elements can help shape the
meaning of the message or completely change it.
Vocal characteristics can emphasize or contradict
the literal meaning of words.
 Some non-verbal sounds used in communication:
1.Tone (Vocal Quallty) – the distinct sound of one’s
voice
2.Speed – refers to the rate of speech or how fast you
are talking
3.Pitch – refers to the highness or lowness of voice
4.Volume – refers to the loudness or softness of voice
 Let’s do this!
Try saying:
“This is so
beautiful. I love
it so much.” Fearfully
Sarcastically
Happily
Angrily
 Haptics (Use of Touch)
 The study of how touch is used to deliver a message.
People differ in the way they perceive and use touch.
 Culture defines the meaning of human touch; it varies
according to the age, sex, and status of the people
interacting.
 Heslin and Harper classify touch into five categories
according to function:
1.Functional/professional touch
2.Social/polite touch
3.Friendly/warm touch
4.Love/intimate touch
5.Sexual touch
 Proxemics (Use of
 Refers to the way Space)
people use space to
convey meaning. This includes:
1.Permanent structure – refer to immovable
places in which we live or work in.
2.Movable objects – the types of objects and
their arrangement in a room depend on the
intended message.
3.Informal space – it is a person’s invisible
comfort zone, an intimate space around
him/her at any given time.
 Personal
Appearance
 A person’s appearance depends on his/her
age, gender, race, educational attainment,
and profession. The way you dress and
groom also communicates your social and
cultural roles and personal qualities.
1.Clothes
2.Hairstyles
3.Accessories
4.Tattoos
 Exercise 1!
Write True if the statement is correct and
False if it is not.
1.One may not understand the language spoken by a
person, but it is still possible to know what he/she
wants to say.
2.Interpreting non-verbal messages with total
accuracy is possible.
3.People can only speak one word at a time, but they
can send a number of non-verbal messages
simultaneously.
4.Using a falling intonation implies a desire to end the
conversation.
5.Maintaining eye contact shows that you pay
 Exercise 1!
Write True if the statement is correct and
False if it is not.
6.The clothes you wear do not say anything
about you.
7.Communications cannot always choose
which expressions they can show or hide.
8.Any slight change in the vocal quality can
communicate the speaker’s state of mind.
9.Culture defines the meaning of human
touch.
10.Proxemics refers to the way people take up
 Write T if 2!
Exercise the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
(1/4
Writesheet
Trueof if paper)
the statement is correct and False if it is not.

  1. Consider ethics in your speech at all times.

    2. Effective use of nonverbal communication can strengthen your message.
    3. How you communicate reflects who you are as a person.
    4. One way to help you build credibility is through effective nonverbal
communication.
    5. There are certain words that are only appropriate at certain times and places.
    6. To achieve clarity, we must speak the same language as our listeners.
    7. The use of too many fillers can distract your listeners.
    8. Verbal communication is better than nonverbal communication.
    9. When you talk to others, you should not assume too quickly that they
understand the
    message that you convey.
    10. When you communicate, choose what you want to say and how you want to
say it.
Exercise 3!
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.

1.Communication can happen even with the

use of actions.
2.The elements of communication are not
equally important.
3.Physical context includes the time when
communication takes place.
4.Social context involves the
communicators’ moods and feelings.
5.Only perfect and normal person can
communicate.
Exercise 3!
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.

6. Verbal communication is comprised of written

and oral language.
7. Giving feedback happens solely in the form of
nodding.
8. Hearing loss is an example of physiological or
biological noise.
9. Internal noise involves the unintentional
misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic
slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech.
10. Waving is an example of verbal
communication.
Exercise 3!
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.

11. Consider ethics in your speech

sometimes.
12. Effective use of nonverbal communication
can strengthen your message.
13. How you communicate reflects who you
are as a person.
14. All words are appropriate at any time and
place.
15. To achieve clarity, we must speak
different language as our listeners.
Exercise 3!
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.

16. Nonverbal communication is

better than verbal communication.
17. When you talk to others, you
should assume too quickly that they
understand the message that you
convey.
18. When you communicate, just say
what you want to say and how you
want to say it.
Assignment
1. Search for other
nonverbal cues that are
used in communication.