Readings

in
Philippine History
Grading System
Term exams – 30%
Attendance – 20 %
Participation/Orals – 10 %
Assignment – 10 %
Quizzes – 15 %
Projects – 15 %
100 %
Meaning of History
History
– derived from the Greek word “historia” which
means learning by inquiry
- systematic accounting of a set of natural
phenomena, taking into consideration the
chronological arrangement of the account
(Aristotle)
Meaning of History
History
- referred usually for accounts of
phenomena, especially human
affairs in chronological order
Theories in Investigating History
• Factual History
- presents readers the plain and basic
information regarding the events that took
place (what), the time and date with which the
events happened (when), the place with which
the event took place (where), and the people
that were involved (who).
Theories in Investigating History
• Speculative History
- goes beyond facts because it is concerned
about the reasons for which events
happened (why), and the way they
happened (how).
- cause and effect of an event
• History – study of past events
• Historians – individuals who write
about history.
“But whose past are we talking
about?”
• Historiography – the practice of
historical writing
 Limitation of Historical Knowledge
• incompleteness of records
• most human affairs happen without
leaving any evidence or records of
any kind
 Limitation of Historical Knowledge
• The whole history of the past (called
history-as-actuality) can be known to a
historian only through the surviving
records (history-as-record), and most
history-as-record is only a tiny part of
the whole phenomenon.
History as the Subjective Process
of Re-creation
• From the incomplete evidence, historians
strive to restore the total past of mankind.
• Historians’ aim is to verisimilitude (the
truth, authenticity, plausibility) about a
past.
 Historical Method and
Historiography
• Historical Method – process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
• Historiography – the imaginative
reconstruction of the past from the data
derived by that (historical method)
process
Historical Analysis
- Important element of historical method
Historians:
1. Select the subject to investigate;
2. Collect probable sources of information on the
subject;
3. Examine the sources genuineness, in part or in
whole;
4. Extract credible “particulars” from the sources
(or parts of sources).
 Exercise 1.
Give a concise explanation/discussion on the
following items.
1. How important historical writings are to a
person, group/race, and country? Explain.
2. Discuss the importance of historical analysis.
3. How do you give meaning to a so-called
“history”? Explain.
4. Explain the difference between factual history
and speculative history.
Exercise 2. Choose your answer from the box.
• historiography • historical method
• limitation of historical • historians
knowledge
• factual history
• verisimilitude
• speculative history
• historia
• historical analysis
• history
 SOURCES OF
HISTORICAL DATA
Historical Data
- sourced from artifacts that have
been left by the past.
Artifacts:
- relics or remains
- testimonies of witnesses
Written Sources of History
1. Narrative or literary
2. Diplomatic or judicial
3. Social documents
1. Narrative or literary
- Chronicles or tracts presented in
narrative form, written to impart a
message whose motives for their
composition vary widely.
- Ex: newspaper article, ego-document
or personal narrative (diary), novel or
film, biography, etc.
2. Diplomatic sources
- document/record of an existing
legal situation
- Published by a government entity,
an independent organization, or
an individual
3. Social documents
- Information pertaining to economic,
social, political or judicial significance.
- kept by bureaucracies
- Ex. Government reports (municipal
account, research findings, civil registry
records, property registers, and records
of census)
Non-written Sources of History
1. Material evidence
2. Oral evidence
1. Material Evidence
- also known as archaeological evidence
- Includes artistic creations: pottery,
jewelry, houses, graves, churches,
roads, and others
- tells about the ways of life of people in
the past, and their culture
2. Oral Evidence
- tales and sagas of ancient people
- folk songs or popular rituals
- Interviews (major form of oral
evidence at present)
 PRIMARY VS.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Kinds of Historical Sources:
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
- original, first-hand account of an event or
period that are usually written or made during
or close to the event.
- original and factual, not interpretative
- Ex: diaries, journals, letters, newspaper and
magazine articles, posters, recorded or
transcribed speeches, interviews, songs,
plays, novels, paintings, drawings, sculptures.
Secondary Sources
- materials made by people long after the
events being described had taken place
to provide valuable interpretations of
historical events
- Analyzes and interprets primary sources
- Ex: biographies, histories, literary criticism,
books written by a third party, art and
theater reviews
 Quiz
1. These are original historical sources.
a. Static sources
b. Descriptive sources
c. Primary sources
d. Interpretative sources
2. This evidence is also known as material
evidence
a. recordings
b. archaeological
c. diaries
d. books
 Quiz

3. A product of record keeping of a bureau

which contains information
a. minutes
b. Social document
c. formulas
d. content
 Quiz
4. These are materials made by people
long after the events being described had
taken place
a. Primary source
b. Diplomatic source
c. Scientific source
d. Secondary source
 Quiz
5. Which is not an example of an oral
evidence?
a. interview
b. Folk songs
c. dwellings
d. rituals
 Quiz

6-8. Give the three categories of written

sources of history.
 Quiz

9-10. Enumerate the general kinds of

historical sources.
 II. Give a concise explanation/discussion on
the following items.
1. What are the benefits of using primary
sources?
2. Do you affirm that primary sources are
superior to secondary sources? Explain.
3. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of accessing secondary
sources?
HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
 Historical Criticism
• Examines the origins of earliest text
to appreciate the underlying
circumstances upon which the
text came to be.
 Goals:
1. To discover the original meaning of
the text in its primitive or historical
context and its literal sense or sensus
literalis historicus.
2. To establish a reconstruction of the
historical situation of the author and
recipients of the text.
 Methodologies:
1. Source criticism – analyzes and studies
the sources used by biblical authors
2. Form criticism – seeks to determine a
unit’s original form and historical context
of the literary tradition
3. Redaction criticism – regards the author
of the text as editor of the source
materials
 Methodologies:
4. Tradition criticism – attempts to trace
the developmental stages of the oral
tradition from its historical emergence to
its literary presentation
5. Canonical tradition – focuses its
interpretation on the text of biblical
canon
 Types:
1. External criticism
2. Internal criticism
 External criticism
Tested in 2 ways:
a. Paleographical – deciphering and dating of
historical manuscripts
b. Diplomatic criticism – critical analysis of
historical document to understand how the
document came to be, the information
transmitted, and the relationships between
the facts purported in the document and the
reality
 Types:
1. External criticism
– determines the authenticity of the
source or material (also called as
provenance of a source).
- determines the origin of the material,
its author, and the sources of
information used
 Types:
2. Internal criticism
– determines the historicity of the
facts contained in the document
- weigh the testimony to the truth
- Higher criticism
 Internal criticism
- It is not necessary to prove the
authenticity of the material or
document. However, the facts
contained in the document must
first be tested before any
conclusion pertaining to it can be
admitted
 Test of Authenticity
• Making the best guess of the date of
the document
- he/she examines the materials to see
whether they are anachronistic
- Historian also examines the inks for
signs of age or of anachronistic
chemical composition
 Test of Authenticity
• Making the best guess of the possible
author of the document
- he/she sees if he/she can identify the
handwriting, signature, seal, letterhead,
or watermark
*Isographies – unfulfilled need of a historian
- dictionaries of biography giving examples
of handwriting
 Test of Authenticity
• Anachronistic styles
- idiom, orthography, or punctuation
- Can be detected by specialists who are familiar
with contemporary writing
• Anachronistic references to events
- Too early or too late
- Dating of a document at a time when the
alleged writer could not possibly have been at
the place designated (the alibi) uncovers fraud.
 QUIZ
Identify what is being described.
1. It determines the authenticity of the source. –
external criticism
2. It is a dictionary of biography that gives
examples of handwriting – isography
3. This means that the historical texts are in its
primitive or historical context and its literal
sense - sensus literalis historicus.
 QUIZ
Identify what is being described.
4. This criticism deals with more important matters
than the external form. – internal criticism
5. This refers to the time/century when Historical
criticism was properly formed – 17th century
6. It attempts to trace the developmental stages of
the oral tradition from its historical emergence to
its literary presentation – tradition criticism
 QUIZ
7-8. What is historical criticism?
Examines the origins of earliest text to
appreciate the underlying circumstances upon
which the text came to be.
9-10. Discuss the importance of historical
criticism
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE
WORLD
THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD

• Portugal was the first country to sail to the

East and establish colonies
• Spain, which sent explorers to the Americas,
began to lay claim to these areas
• A sea rivalry resulted from the “discoveries”
made by Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas

• Church’s solution to the endless competition

between the two countries.
• Concluded on June 7, 1494, the kings of
Portugal and Spain, with Pope Alexander VI’s
blessing signed an agreement that divides
the world between the two countries.
Treaty of Tordesillas

1. An imaginary line was drawn from north to south at a

distance of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. (East
– Portugal, West – Spain)
2. If Spanish ships discovered lands east of the demarcation
line, the said lands should be turned over to Portugal, and
lands discovered by Portuguese ships west of the line should
be turned over to Spain.
3. No Portuguese ships shall be sent to lands belonging to
Spain, and vice versa, for the purpose of trading with them.
GOALS OF EXPLORATION AND
CONQUEST
1. To spread Christianity
2. Find the Spice Island (Moluccas)
3. The discovery of new lands would add
prestige to their kingdom
The Magellan Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan
• Portuguese who went to Spain to offer his services to the
Spanish King (King Charles I)
• With the help of visual aids like maps and illustrations,
explained to the young King that he could reach the
Moluccas, and then known as the Spice Islands, by sailing
west
• Rediscovered Philippines (named it Archipelago of St.
Lazarus)
• Introduced Christianity in the Philippines
Preparation: The Fleet

• 5 ships:
– Santiago (under Juan Rodriguez Serrano)
– San Antonio (under Juan de Cartageña)
– Concepcion (under Gaspar de Quesada)
– Trinidad (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan
– Victoria (under Louis de Mendoza)
Preparation: Crew

• 237 men (Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, Germans,

Flemish, Greeks, English, and French)
• Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan
• Antonio Pigafetta had asked to be on the voyage
becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and
keeping and accurate journal.
Magellan Expedition

• September 20, 1519, the Magellan expedition

left port and sailed southward across the
Atlantic.
Arrival in the Philippines

• March 16, 1521

- sighted Zamal
- Reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines
(first meeting with the Filipinos)

• March 31, 1521

– First catholic mass in Limasawa (ruled by Rajah
Kulambu)
Arrival in the Philippines

• April 7, 1521
– Arrival in Zzubu
- Rajah Humabon welcomed the Spaniards and
soon a blood compact ensued between him and
Magellan.
Arrival in the Philippines

• April 15, 1521

- conversion of 800 natives with Humabon, his
wife and daughter to Christianity
- Establishment of Magellan’s Cross
Arrival in the Philippines

• April 15, 1521

- Rajah Humabon - given the Christian name
Carlos in honor of the King Charles of Spain, and
his wife, who was given the name Juana.
• Magellan presented Juana an image of the
Infant Jesus
Arrival in the Philippines

• April 27, 1521

- In war with Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan and Humabon’s
enemy
- Lapu-lapu, who refused to listen to Magellan’s demand
that he pay tribute to Spain, prepared to fight to end.
- Magellan was killed during the fight.
• Two ships remained: the Victoria and the Trinidad
(captured by the Portuguese).
Significance

• It was possible to sail around the world

• Europeans learned the existence of the Philippines
• Earth is round
• He had professional scientists on the trip to help determine
the species of some of the animals he found on his voyage.
• Paved the way for Spanish colonization, and Christianization
of the Philippines
• Paved the way for contacts between the Philippines and
Western civilization
Return and Legacy

• Circumnavigation was completed by one ship, the

Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastian
del Cano and a crew of 18 men
• Antonio Pigafetta’s journal
• Francisco Albo – other direct report of the
voyage, last Victoria’s pilot, who kept a formal
logbook
 Assignment
• Read “The First Voyage Around the World” by
Antonio Pigafetta (translated by Lord Stanley of
Alderly), pp. 18-26.
• Make a document analysis by identifying
remarkable facts presented in the document.
• Make an outline out from these pieces of
information. Make judgments and conclusions.
 Assignment
1. The analysis must be typed, space 1.5, Times
New Roman, font 12. Margins must be the
default margins of the Microsoft Word program.
2. The cover page includes: name, date submitted,
title (Document Analysis: First Voyage Around
the World by Antonio Pigafetta), course title.
 Assignment
3. The source website consulted shall be put on
a separate bibliographical page.
4. Write an outline of the interesting points in
the document. Avoid the use of meaningless
comments (this is an “interesting document”)
and personal form (I, me, my).
 Assignment
5. When specific information is raised, and
inferences are made on one or more
paragraphs, cite it specifically in a parenthesis
(…) or them quoted and provide the number (#)
of the paragraph.
 Assignment
Example:
• In paragraph 5, “The captain seeing that these
people were reasonable, ordered food and
drink to be given to them…” , it indicates that
the Filipinos of today adapted the trait of the
Spaniards to be hospitable and
accommodating to guests…