Lesson 3

Lesson 3: Reliability and Validity of Text
Information and Media and their sources

using Selection Criteria
• Do you usually check the source of the information
you acquire?
• What are your standards in doing so?
• How important is it to acquire reliable information?
• Do you know the consequences of getting wrong
information?
• It is a common knowledge that information is everywhere. It is
important to remember that equivalent to its generous availability is
the risk of being wrong because some information are invalid or
deceptive.
• The continuous expansion of information helps a lot of people widen
their knowledge, though also one of the reasons why unreliable
sources can easily tag along. So it is important to identify the possible
factors that might deceive people and the invalid ideas they can
possibly obtain.
• First look for the major kinds of information sources so it will be
easier to look how they can be potentially misleading.
Primary and Secondary sources
Primary source of text information are firsthand and unedited.
• These sources do not undergo analysis and interpretation, thus these are apparently raw.
• Examples: interview transcripts, actual recordings, opinions and even letters.
Secondary sources are edited and interpreted materials.
• These sources are organized and arranged in a way that will not cause confusion to whoever
gets the information.
• Examples: textbooks, essays, reviews, and others.
The risk of checking the validity and reliability are high.
For primary, the issue of subjectivity or being opinionated may be a problem.
Likewise, secondary sources may be at risk of questioning whether the primary sources
used are valid or not.
Selection criteria can be either electronic or printed. In order to avoid
acquiring wrong information these are the following criteria:
• Relevance-the information seeker has to be sure that the data he
or she gets meets the requirements of his or her queries.
• Authority- it is always important to look at the author/s. by doing
this the information seeker can be sure that he/she is on the right
track because the information is based on the expertise of the
right person.
• Timeliness/Currency- things naturally change over time, and in
that case it is crucial to always look at how information also
changes if necessary. The most current information is always the
most valid and reliable source.
• Validity/ Accuracy- even if the information is rich in content, what matters is how valid and
accurate information is. One has to make sure that the author is able to provide reliable data
like statistics and other previous studies.
• Argument- it is necessary for authors to have their stand if there is a call for it. Observe how
his/her stand is justified by logical reasoning. It needs evidences and the validity of the
evidences. May include statistical data, studies, past records and the like.
• Coverage –there are sources that do not include all aspects of the topic being discussed, look
for information that are complete, in doing this one has to be critical.
• Bias- this aspect goes along with the previous item ,because being selective can trigger
biases. It is something common but does not mean it is right. The information seeker has to
look at possible topics that are omitted or added to practice transparency.
These are just some criteria that may be considered in checking the validity and reliability of
text sources. These two concepts are big and subjective but these evaluative measures can help
the information seeker in dealing with this possible dilemma.
Lesson 3:Production and evaluation of
creative text-based presentation using
design principle and elements
• text information can be tedious to look at, symbols might not be effective for
some to understand which can cause absence of comprehension among
information seekers.
• Some people lack motivation in reading books because of its heavy appearance
also looking at a slideshow presentation that is composed of words might bore the
audience and loose their attention.
• One solution to this problem is the use of visuals like photos and illustrations to
break the pattern of the heavy-looking material.
• Design principle and Elements- in order to achieve this goal, design elements are needed.
Text design is apparently challenging, and there are only few principles under this kind of
information. Here are some considerations that may be used in dealing with texts.
These are four design principles and elements known. These are:
1. contrast- it is important to consider the following: (1) size(2)color(3)type. There should be
a good balance in order to highlight important ideas.
• Alignment – aside from contrast alignment also matters in terms of word placement. There should be no
information that is randomly positioned. The use of white or blank space should be observed, and
maintaining elegance should always be a must.
• Repetition- repetition functions as a reminder of important terms. This reminder is
highlighted by the use of different techniques in putting more emphasis on the word/s or
term/s.
• Proximity- simply means that words close to one another are perceived related. This can also be due to
font style and size.
• These principles are highly beneficial in using text information in
presentations. Through these considerations, the notion of text
being a tedious-looking kind of information can now be redefined.

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Lesson 3: Reliability and Validity of Text

Information and Media and their sources

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