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    Air and Space Law

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    inderpreet suman
    International law prohibits air espionage except as allowed by certain treaties. The 1944 Chicago Convention prohibits unmanned aerial vehicles and surveillance flights over restricted military or public safety areas of signatory countries. However, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty legalized unarmed surveillance flights between ratifying countries, aimed at increasing transparency and confidence between their military forces.

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    Air and Space Law

    Uploaded by

    inderpreet suman
    45 views10 pages
    International law prohibits air espionage except as allowed by certain treaties. The 1944 Chicago Convention prohibits unmanned aerial vehicles and surveillance flights over restricted military or public safety areas of signatory countries. However, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty legalized unarmed surveillance flights between ratifying countries, aimed at increasing transparency and confidence between their military forces.

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    Air espionage

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    Air and space law

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    International law prohibits air espionage except as allowed by certain treaties. The 1944 Chicago Convention prohibits unmanned aerial vehicles and surveillance flights over restricted military or public safety areas of signatory countries. However, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty legalized unarmed surveillance flights between ratifying countries, aimed at increasing transparency and confidence between their military forces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    45 views10 pages

    Air and Space Law

    Uploaded by

    inderpreet suman
    International law prohibits air espionage except as allowed by certain treaties. The 1944 Chicago Convention prohibits unmanned aerial vehicles and surveillance flights over restricted military or public safety areas of signatory countries. However, the 1992 Open Skies Treaty legalized unarmed surveillance flights between ratifying countries, aimed at increasing transparency and confidence between their military forces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Definition of Air Espionage

    Air Espionage can be defined as “making an


    intrusion into the airspace of another country for
    the purpose of gathering classified or sensitive
    information. It can be committed through:

    1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s or Drones); or


    2. Piloted Aircrafts.
    International Law on Air Espionage

    It can be discussed with reference to the


    provisions of the following Conventions:

    1. The Convention on International Civil Aviation,


    1944 (Chicago Convention).
    2. The Treaty on Open Skies, 1992.
    The Chicago Convention, 1944
    Some provisions of The Chicago Convention, 1944,
    prohibit air espionage either expressly or
    impliedly.

    • Article 4.
    • Article 8.
    • Article 9.
    • Article 16.
    • Article 36.
    • Article 68.
    Article 4 (Misuse of Civil Aviation)
    • Article 4 provides that all contracting parties are
    duty bound not to use civil aviation for any
    purpose inconsistent with the aims of the Chicago
    Convention.
    • As per the Preamble of the Convention, its aims
    and objectives are the use of international civil
    aviation to create, promote and preserve
    friendship among nations; and to develop
    international civil aviation in a safe and orderly
    manner.
    Article 8 (Prohibition on UAV’s)
    • Article 8 prohibits the flying of UAV’s over the
    territory of a foreign country without its
    permission.
    • It provides that no aircraft capable of being flown
    without a pilot shall be flown without a pilot over
    the territory of a contracting State without
    special authorization by that State and in
    accordance with the terms of such authorization.
    Article 9 (Prohibition of flight over
    Restricted Areas)

    • Article 9 provides that each contracting State may


    restrict or prohibit the planes of other countries
    from flying over certain restricted areas of its
    territory for reasons of military necessity or
    public safety.
    Article 16 (Search of Aircraft)

    • It provides that the appropriate authorities of


    all contracting States shall have the right,
    without unreasonable delay, to search aircraft
    of the other contracting States on landing or
    departure, and to inspect the certificates and
    other documents prescribed by this
    Convention.
    Article 36 (Prohibition or
    restriction on Photography)

    • It provides that each contracting State may


    prohibit or regulate the use of photographic
    apparatus in aircraft over its territory.
    Article 68 (Designation of routes
    and Airports)

    • Each contracting State may, subject to the


    provisions of this Convention, designate the
    route to be followed within its territory by any
    international air service and the airports
    which any such service may use.
    Treaty on Open Skies, 1992
    • It has legalized air espionage to a limited extent.
    • It was signed in 1992 and came into force in 2002. It
    has been ratified by 34 States till date.
    • It establishes a program of unarmed aerial
    surveillance flights over the entire territory of its
    participants.
    • The treaty is designed to enhance mutual
    understanding and confidence by giving all
    participants, regardless of size, a direct role in
    gathering information about military forces and
    activities of concern to them.

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