solar system exploration

ABOUT 4.5 BILLION

YEARS AGO, A CLOUD OF
INTERSTELLAR OF GAS
AND DUST COLLAPSED
RESULTING A SOLAR
NEBULA, A SWIRLING
DISK TYPE MATERIAL
THAT COLLIDED TO FORM
THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
• Our Solar System is one of over 500
known solar systems in the entire
Milky Way Galaxy.
•Our solar sytem is located at the
Milky Way’s Orion Spur.
•Our solar system consists of our star, the
Sun, and everything bound to it by
gravity — the planets Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune, dwarf planets such as Pluto,
dozens of moons and millions of
asteroids, comets and meteoroids
• There are more planets than stars in our galaxy.
The current count orbiting our star: eight.
• The inner, rocky planets
are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer
planets are gas giants Jupiter and Saturn and ice
giants Uranus and Neptune.
• Beyond Neptune, a newer class of smaller
worlds called dwarf planets reign, including
perennial favorite Pluto.
 ONLY 15% OF STARS IN
THE GALAXY HOST
PLANETARY SYSTEM. ONE
OF THOSE STARS IS OUR
OWN SUN.
REVOLVING AROUND THE
SUN ARE THE EIGHT
PLANETS WHICH ARE
DIVIDED INTO TWO
CATEGORIES ACCORDING
TO THERE COMPOSITION.
TERRESTIAL PLANETS JOVIAN PLANETS
−MADE OF ROCKY −MULTIPLE MOONS
MATERIALS
−NO SOLID SURFACE
−SURFACES ARE SOLID
−DON’T HAVE RINGS −SUPPORT RING
−VERY FEW MOONS SYSTEMS
−RELATIVELY SMALL −IMMENSE IN SIZE
 JOVIAN PLANETS
TERRESTIAL PLANETS • GAS GIANTS − CONTAINS
MOSTLY
HELIUM AND
HYDROGEN
1. MERCURY 1. JUPITER
2. VENUS 2. SATURN
3. EARTH • ICE GIANTS −CONTAINS
ROCK, ICE,
AND
4. MARS MIXTURE OF
WATER,METHANE
AND AMMONIA
3. URANUS
4. NEPTUNE
Planets in Our Solar System
mercury
• The smallest planet in our solar system and nearest to the
Sun, Mercury is only slightly larger than Earth's Moon.

• From the surface of Mercury, the Sun would appear more

than three times as large as it does when viewed from Earth,
and the sunlight would be as much as seven times
brighter. Despite its proximity to the Sun, Mercury is not the
hottest planet in our solar system – that title belongs to
nearby Venus, thanks to its dense atmosphere.
venus
The Latest

Jan. 31, 2019: A Japanese research group has identified a giant streak structure
among the clouds covering Venus based on observation from the spacecraft Akatsuki.

The team also revealed the origins of this structure using large-scale climate
simulations. The group was led by Project Assistant Professor Hiroki Kashimura (Kobe
University, Graduate School of Science) and these findings were published on January
9 in Nature Communications.

Second planet from the Sun and our closest planetary neighbor, Venus is similar in
structure and size to Earth, but it is now a very different world. Venus spins slowly in
the opposite direction most planets do. Its thick atmosphere traps heat in a runaway
greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system—with surface
temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Glimpses below the clouds reveal volcanoes
and deformed mountains. Explore Venus.
Earth
Our home planet is the third planet from the Sun, and the
only place we know of so far that’s inhabited by living things.

While Earth is only the fifth largest planet in the solar system,
it is the only world in our solar system with liquid water on
the surface. Just slightly larger than nearby Venus, Earth is the
biggest of the four planets closest to the Sun, all of which are
made of rock and metal.
The name Earth is at least 1,000 years old. All of the planets,
except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods
and goddesses. However, the name Earth is a Germanic word,
which simply means “the ground.”
mars
The fourth planet from the Sun, Mars is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere.

This dynamic planet has seasons, polar ice caps and weather and canyons and extinct volcanoes,
evidence of an even more active past.

Mars is one of the most explored bodies in our solar system, and it's the only planet
where we've sent rovers to roam the alien landscape. NASA currently has three
spacecraft in orbit, one rover and one lander on the surface and another rover under
construction here on Earth. India and ESA also have spacecraft in orbit above Mars.

These robotic explorers have found lots of evidence that Mars was much wetter and warmer,
with a thicker atmosphere, billions of years ago.
Jupiter
Jupiter has a long history surprising scientists—all the way back to
1610 when Galileo Galilei found the first moons beyond Earth.
That discovery changed the way we see the universe.

Fifth in line from the Sun, Jupiter is, by far, the largest planet in the solar
system – more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined.

Jupiter's familiar stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy clouds
of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and
helium. Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than
Earth that has raged for hundreds of years.

One spacecraft — NASA's Juno orbiter — is currently exploring

this giant world.
saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second
largest planet in our solar system.

Adorned with thousands of beautiful ringlets, Saturn is

unique among the planets. It is not the only planet to
have rings—made of chunks of ice and rock—but none
are as spectacular or as complicated as Saturn's.

Like fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn is a massive ball

made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Uranus
• The Latest
• April 24, 2018: The jokes, they write themselves. The science is pretty
interesting, too. What do the clouds of Uranus have in common with
rotten eggs? The composition of Uranus' clouds had long been a
mystery. In April 2017, a global research team found hydrogen sulfide,
the odiferous gas that most people avoid, in Uranus’ cloud tops—a
striking difference from the gas giant planets located closer to the
Sun.
• The first planet found with the aid of a telescope, Uranus was
discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel, although he
originally thought it was either a comet or a star. It was two years
later that the object was universally accepted as a new planet, in part
because of observations by astronomer Johann Elert Bode. Herschel
tried unsuccessfully to name his discovery Georgium Sidus after King
George III. Instead the planet was named for Uranus, the Greek god
of the sky, as suggested by Johann Bode.
Neptune
Dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune
is the eighth and most distant planet in our solar system.

More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, Neptune is the
only planet in our solar system not visible to the naked eye and
the first predicted by mathematics before its discovery. In 2011
Neptune completed its first 165-year orbit since its discovery in
1846.
NASA's Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune
up close. It flew past in 1989 on its way out of the solar system.
What is planet?
This seemingly simple question doesn't have a simple answer. Everyone knows
that Earth, Mars and Jupiter are planets. But both Pluto and Ceres were once
considered planets until new discoveries triggered scientific debate about how
to best describe them—a vigorous debate that continues to this day. The most
recent definition of a planet was adopted by the International Astronomical
Union in 2006. It says a planet must do three things:

It must orbit a star (in our cosmic neighborhood, the Sun).

It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape.

It must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar
size near its orbit around the Sun.
 An Evolving Definition
• Defining the term planet is important, because such definitions reflect our
understanding of the origins, architecture, and evolution of our solar system.
Over historical time, objects categorized as planets have changed. The ancient
Greeks counted the Earth's Moon and Sun as planets along with Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Earth was not considered a planet, but rather was
thought to be the central object around which all the other celestial objects
orbited. The first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known
universe with the Earth revolving around it was presented by Aristarchus of
Samos in the third century BCE, but it was not generally accepted. It wasn't
until the 16th century that the idea was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus.
• By the 17th century, astronomers (aided by the invention of the telescope)
realized that the Sun was the celestial object around which all the planets—
including Earth—orbit, and that the moon is not a planet, but a satellite (moon)
of Earth. Uranus was added as a planet in 1781 and Neptune was discovered in
1846.
• Ceres was discovered between Mars and Jupiter in 1801 and originally
classified as a planet. But as many more objects were subsequently
found in the same region, it was realized that Ceres was the first of a
class of similar objects that were eventually termed asteroids (star-
like) or minor planets.
• Pluto, discovered in 1930, was identified as the ninth planet. But Pluto
is much smaller than Mercury and is even smaller than some of the
planetary moons. It is unlike the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars), or the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn), or the ice giants
(Uranus, Neptune). Charon, its huge satellite, is nearly half the size of
Pluto and shares Pluto's orbit. Though Pluto kept its planetary status
through the 1980s, things began to change in the 1990s with some
new discoveries.
• Technical advances in telescopes led to better observations
and improved detection of very small, very distant objects.
In the early 1990s, astronomers began finding numerous icy
worlds orbiting the Sun in a doughnut-shaped region called
the Kuiper Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune—out in Pluto's
realm. With the discovery of the Kuiper Belt and its
thousands of icy bodies (known as Kuiper Belt Objects, or
KBOs; also called transneptunians), it was proposed that it is
more useful to think of Pluto as the biggest KBO instead of
a planet.
 The Planet Debate

• Then, in 2005, a team of astronomers announced that they had found a

tenth planet—it was a KBO similar in size to Pluto. People began to wonder
what planethood really means. Just what is a planet, anyway? Suddenly the
answer to that question didn't seem so self-evident, and, as it turns out,
there are plenty of disagreements about it.
• The International Astronomical Union (IAU), a worldwide organization of
astronomers, took on the challenge of classifying the newly found KBO
(later named Eris). In 2006, the IAU passed a resolution that defined planet
and established a new category, dwarf planet. Eris, Ceres, Pluto, and two
more recently discovered KBOs named Haumea and make, are the dwarf
planets recognized by the IAU. There may be another 100 dwarf planets in
the solar system and hundreds more in and just outside the Kuiper Belt.
 The New Definition of Planet

• Contemporary observations are changing our understanding of

planetary systems, and it is important that our nomenclature for
objects reflect our current understanding. This applies, in particular,
to the designation "planets". The word "planet" originally described
"wanderers" that were known only as moving lights in the sky. Recent
discoveries lead us to create a new definition, which we can make
using currently available scientific information.
• The IAU therefore resolves that planets and other bodies, except
satellites, in our Solar System be defined into three distinct categories
in the following way:
• A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b)
has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces
so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.
• A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the
Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid
body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly
round) shape, (c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its
orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
• All other objects,except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred
to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies".
 JULY 20 1969 – APOLLON 11 LANDED ON THE
MOON
• Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the moon.
Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed
the American crew that landed the Apollo lunar module eagle on july 20,
1969, at 20 20:17 UTC. Armstrong the 1st person to stem on the lunar
surface 6 hours and 29 minutes later on july 21 at 02:56 UTC; Aldrin
joined in 19minutes later.They spent about 2 and a quarter hours
together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5kg), of
lunar material to bring back to earth command module pilot Michael
Collins flew the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while
they on the moon surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours and 31
minutes on the lunar surface at a site they named tranquility base before
lifting off to rejoin Columbia in a lunar orbit
MARCH 18 2011 – FIRST SPACECRAFT TO
ORBIT MERCURY
• Spacecraft successfully achieved orbit around Mercury at
approximately 9 p.m. EDT on Thursday, march 17. This marks the 1st
time a spacecraft has accomplished the engineering and scientific
milestone at our solar system’s innermost planet.
JULY 16 2011 – FIRST SPACECRAFT TO
ORBIT AN ASTEROIDS
• On july 16, NASA’s Dawn spacecraft will begin a prolonged encounter
with the asteroid vesta, making the mission the 1st to enter orbit
around a main-belt asteroid. between the orbits of mars and Jupiter.
Dawn will study vesta for 1 year, and observations will help scientist
understand the earliest chapter of our solar system’s history.
AUGUST 6 2012 – CURIOSITY ROVER
LANDS ON MARS
• After an eight-month, 352-million-mile journey, the curiosity rover
touched down mars at 1:31AMM EDT on august 6 , 2012.
• “touchdown confirmed” said the engineer allen chen, the flight
dynamics and operations lead for the mars science laboratory entry,
descent, and landing team. “we’re safe on mars.” learning from
previous landings, engineers used a heat shield, a parachute, retro-
rockets, and a sky crane to lower the vehicle surface.
AUGUST 25 2012 – FIRST HUMANMADE
SPACECRAFT IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE
• On august 25, 2012, voyager 1 became the 1st spacecraft to cross the
heliopause and enter the interstellar medium.
• In a further testament to the robustness of voyager 1, the voyager
team completed a successful test of the spacecraft’s trajectory
correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters in late 2017 (the 1st time these
thrusters in late 2017 (the 1st time these thrusters were fired since
1980), a project enabling the mission to be extended by two to three
years.
AUGUST 6 2014 – FIRST SPACECRAFT TO
ORBIT A COMET
• On 6 august 2014, the spacecraft reached the comet and performed a
series of manoeuvers to eventually orbit the comet at distances of 30
to 10 kilometres (19 to 6 mil.) on 12 November, its lander module
Philae performed the 1st successful landing on a comet, though its
battery power ran out two days later.
THE DISCOVERY OF PLUTO
• Pluto was discovered by clyde Tombaugh in 1930 and was originally
considered to be the ninth planet form the sun. after 1992, its status
as a planet was questioned following the discovery of several objects
of similar size in the Kuiper belt. Pluto is the largest and second most
massive ( after eris) known dwarf planet in the solar system, and the
ninth largest and tenth most massive know object directly orbiting
the sun.
 GROUP 2
Bracks Bayer
Anjay Balungcas
Christopher Jeorge Pulvera
Johnnel Tabug
Nisly Garneth Badiable
Cynthia Liman
Tracy Saycon