Zoology is the scientific study of animal life, including their structure, biology, evolution, classification, habits and ecosystems. It is one of the broadest fields of science, studying everything from fish and insects to mammals. There are many branches of zoology focused on different types of animals. The scientific method, including observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation and conclusion drawing, has been used by zoologists like Jenner, Pasteur and Koch to develop theories like the germ theory of disease to explain biological phenomena. Zoology aims to increase understanding of the natural world and inform efforts to study and protect the environment.
Zoology is the scientific study of animal life, including their structure, biology, evolution, classification, habits and ecosystems. It is one of the broadest fields of science, studying everything from fish and insects to mammals. There are many branches of zoology focused on different types of animals. The scientific method, including observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation and conclusion drawing, has been used by zoologists like Jenner, Pasteur and Koch to develop theories like the germ theory of disease to explain biological phenomena. Zoology aims to increase understanding of the natural world and inform efforts to study and protect the environment.
Zoology is the scientific study of animal life, including their structure, biology, evolution, classification, habits and ecosystems. It is one of the broadest fields of science, studying everything from fish and insects to mammals. There are many branches of zoology focused on different types of animals. The scientific method, including observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation and conclusion drawing, has been used by zoologists like Jenner, Pasteur and Koch to develop theories like the germ theory of disease to explain biological phenomena. Zoology aims to increase understanding of the natural world and inform efforts to study and protect the environment.
Zoology is the scientific study of animal life, including their structure, biology, evolution, classification, habits and ecosystems. It is one of the broadest fields of science, studying everything from fish and insects to mammals. There are many branches of zoology focused on different types of animals. The scientific method, including observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation and conclusion drawing, has been used by zoologists like Jenner, Pasteur and Koch to develop theories like the germ theory of disease to explain biological phenomena. Zoology aims to increase understanding of the natural world and inform efforts to study and protect the environment.
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ZOOLOGY: An introduction
1 ZOOLOGY • Scientific study of the diversity of animal life • Animal biology, is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.
2 Zoology, continued… Zo= animal; ology= study of, knowledge
5 BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY • Genetics – heredity • Ethnozoology – ways in w/c animals influence the people they interact with. • Primatology – primates • Physiology – body functions 6 BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY • Paleontology – pre-historic organisms • Cryptozoology – still unknown species • Taxonomy – classification • Evolution – changes of organisms over period of time. 7 BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY • Embryology – embryo • Ecology – interrelationship of animals and their environment.
8 Why Study Zoology?
9 Understand the natural world
10 Learn to protect the environment
11 Develop skills for learning
12 Myths To Explain Biological Processes
• Disease caused by evil spirits • Brain produces snot • Blood determines heredity • Heart is for emotions
13 How Does Science Separate Myths from Reality?
Scientific Method Scientific Method • Observation • Hypothesis – Prediction • Test Hypothesis – Experiment – Further Observations • Conclusion
15 Edward Jenner 1749-1823 • Smallpox • Scientific method
16 Observation • Smallpox is deadly
17 Observation • Survivors are immune
18 Observation • Milkmaids do not get smallpox
19 Observation • Milkmaids get cowpox from cows
20 Hypothesis
Cowpox Makes You
Immune to Smallpox Prediction • If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox
22 Experiment
23 Results • Boy did not get smallpox
24 Conclusion • Hypothesis supported
25 Robert Koch 1843-1910 • Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax • Identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
26 Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 • Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax • Demonstrated the existence of germs • Invented Pasteurization
27 A New Scientific Theory Explains the Observations of Many Scientists
• Edward Jenner – Smallpox • Louis Pasteur – Rabies and anthrax • Robert Koch – Tuberculosis and anthrax
28 Germ Theory of Disease • Germs cause disease • Predictions of the Germ Theory – Many diseases are caused by germs • Diptheria • Whooping cough • Measles • Plague • Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory to guide research 29 Ramifications of Germ Theory • Previous concepts about the cause of many diseases incorrect – Evil spirits – Bad thoughts – Excess blood
30 Theory vrs Scientific Theory • Theory (as used outside of science) – Guess – Speculation – Has not been tested
31 Scientific Theory • Principle • Tested many times • Explains many different phenomena • Makes predictions • Falsifiable
32 Falsify Germ Theory • Smallpox occurs without the smallpox virus • Tuberculosis occurs without the TB bacterium • Discovery of a different type of cause for infectious diseases – Cell phones – Computer screens – Lack of exercise 33 Jeff’s Lost Dog • Jeff’s beloved dog is I love missing (observation) my dog • Jeff thinks the dog has run away (hypothesis) • What can falsify his hypothesis? • Jeff finds his dog asleep in the house
34 Testing Hypotheses • Observation – Jeff found his dog asleep in the house – Scientists find the same bacterium in the bodies of people who die of the plague • Experiment – Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later infects him with smallpox. The boy does not get smallpox.
35 100 Sick People
• Experimental group • Control group
• 50 People • 50 People • Medicine X • Placebo
36 Three Days Later
• Experimental group • Control group
• 34 Better • 33 Better • Medicine X • Placebo
37 Three Days Later
• Experimental group • Control group
• 34 Better • 5 Better • Medicine X • Placebo
38 Why does this frog have extra legs? • Website
39 Law vrs Theory • Law – Observation that has been repeated numerous times – Law of gravity – Does not explain the observation • Theory – Explains why or how something in nature happens
40 Which is most important to a scientist? • Fact • Hypothesis • Law • Theory
41 Theory is the most important • Theory – Explains laws, hypotheses and facts • Law – States what happens • Hypothesis – Untested theory • Fact – Observation
42 Major Scientific Theories • Germ Theory of Disease – Germs cause infectious disease • Atomic Theory – Matter is made if tiny atoms • Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory) – Genes on chromosomes determine heredity • Cell Theory – All living things are made of cells 43 Theory of Evolution • Populations of organisms change over time • Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor.
44 Evolution is both a fact and a theory • Fact – Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime. • Theory – How evolution happens
45 Theory of Evolution • Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs. • Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology
46 Science • A body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world • It is tested against the natural world – Does not use supernatural explanations • Its conclusions are not absolute. – New discoveries can revise previous conclusions • It is falsifiable
