Foundation Plan AND Elevation
Foundation Plan AND Elevation
Foundation Plan AND Elevation
AND
ELEVATION
FOUNDATION PLAN
It is the top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their
location by distances between center lines and by distances from reference lines
or boundary lines.
It is a horizontal section view cut through the walls of the foundation showing
beams, girders, pier or columns, and openings, along with dimensions and internal
composition.
It is primarily by the building crew who will construct the foundation of the proposed
structure.
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. Individual footing or isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strip foundation
4. Raft or mat foundation
DEEP FOUNDATION
1. Pile foundation
2. Drilled Shafts or caissons
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Individual Footing or Isolated Footing
Most common type of foundation used for building construction. This foundation
is constructed for single column and also called as pad foundation.
The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads
from structure is carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on
the column and safe bearing capacity of soil.
Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences
moments due to eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.
Combined Footing
Constructed when two or more columns are close enough and their isolated
footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but their
structural design differs.
The shape of this footing is rectangle and is used when loads from structure is
carried by the columns.
Spread Footings or Strip Footings
and Wall Footings
Those whose base is more wider
than a typical load bearing wall
foundations. The wider base of this
footing type spreads the weight
from the building structure over
more area and provides better
stability.
Used for individual columns, walls
and bridges piers where the
bearing soil layer is within 3m (10
feet) from the ground surface. Soil
bearing capacity must be
sufficient to support the weight of
the structure over the base area
of the structure.
These should not be used where
there is any possibility of ground
flow of water above bearing layer
of soil which may result in scour or
liquefaction.
Raft or Mat Foundations
The types of foundation which
spread across the entire area of the
building to support heavy structural
loads from columns and walls.
The use of mat foundation is for
columns and walls foundations
where the loads from structure on
columns and walls are very high.
This is used to prevent different
settlement of individual footings,
thus designed as a single mat (or
combined footing) of all the load
bearing elements of the structure.
It is suitable for expensive soils where
bearing capacity is less for suitability
of spread footings and wall footings.
Raft foundation is economical when
one-half area of the structure is
covered with individual footings and
wall footings are provided.
These foundations should not be
used where the groundwater table
is above the bearing surface of the
soil. Use of foundation in such
conditions may lead to scour and
liquefaction.
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
Pile Foundations
Used to transfer heavy loads from the
structure to a hard rock strata much deep
below the ground level.