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    Globalization Theories

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    james adam
    This document discusses theories of globalization across three areas: culture, economy, and politics. It outlines three major paradigms for understanding the cultural aspects of globalization - cultural differentialism, convergence, and hybridization. Cultural differentialism argues that cultures remain distinct, convergence suggests cultures are becoming more similar through forces like Americanization, and hybridization proposes cultures are blending to create new forms. Economically, theories range from a homogenizing spread of capitalism to a heterogeneity of local markets. Politically, views span from a single dominant governance model to an intensification of differences through nationalism. The document analyzes debates around these areas and provides examples to illustrate the complexities of globalization.

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    Globalization Theories

    Uploaded by

    james adam
    1K views29 pages
    This document discusses theories of globalization across three areas: culture, economy, and politics. It outlines three major paradigms for understanding the cultural aspects of globalization - cultural differentialism, convergence, and hybridization. Cultural differentialism argues that cultures remain distinct, convergence suggests cultures are becoming more similar through forces like Americanization, and hybridization proposes cultures are blending to create new forms. Economically, theories range from a homogenizing spread of capitalism to a heterogeneity of local markets. Politically, views span from a single dominant governance model to an intensification of differences through nationalism. The document analyzes debates around these areas and provides examples to illustrate the complexities of globalization.

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    GLOBAL

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    This document discusses theories of globalization across three areas: culture, economy, and politics. It outlines three major paradigms for understanding the cultural aspects of globalization - cultural differentialism, convergence, and hybridization. Cultural differentialism argues that cultures remain distinct, convergence suggests cultures are becoming more similar through forces like Americanization, and hybridization proposes cultures are blending to create new forms. Economically, theories range from a homogenizing spread of capitalism to a heterogeneity of local markets. Politically, views span from a single dominant governance model to an intensification of differences through nationalism. The document analyzes debates around these areas and provides examples to illustrate the complexities of globalization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views29 pages

    Globalization Theories

    Uploaded by

    james adam
    This document discusses theories of globalization across three areas: culture, economy, and politics. It outlines three major paradigms for understanding the cultural aspects of globalization - cultural differentialism, convergence, and hybridization. Cultural differentialism argues that cultures remain distinct, convergence suggests cultures are becoming more similar through forces like Americanization, and hybridization proposes cultures are blending to create new forms. Economically, theories range from a homogenizing spread of capitalism to a heterogeneity of local markets. Politically, views span from a single dominant governance model to an intensification of differences through nationalism. The document analyzes debates around these areas and provides examples to illustrate the complexities of globalization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    GLOBALIZATION

    THEORIES
    THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
    THEORY

    A statement or series of statements that


    explains a phenomenon

    GLOBALIZATION
    METAPHORS

    SOLID (and solidity) LIQUID (and liquidity)


    increasing ease of
    People, things,
    information, and movement of people,
    places that have things, and
    harden over time information, and
    and therefore have places in the global
    limited mobility age
    GLOBALIZATION
    the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and
    organization of social life.

    Institutions of Culture, Economy, and Politics


    1 PHENOMENON:
    Globalization

    2 TENDENCIES:
    Homogeneity VS Heterogeneity

    3 AREAS:
    Culture, Economy, and Politics
    TWO TENDENCIES:

    HOMOGENEITY
    Increasing sameness in the world

    OR

    HETEROGENEITY
    Differences caused by lasting differences or combinations/hybrids
    On Culture
    Homogeneity  Cultural Imperialism
    the influence of a particular culture on a wide range of other cultures
    (e.g. the spread of Christianity; “Americanization”; media
    imperialism)

    Heterogeneity  Glocalization (Robertson, 2001)


    the global as interacting with the local to produce that which is
    distinctive: the glocal (e.g. McDonald’s in India).
    On the Economy
    Homogeneity  spread of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market
    economy (Antonio, 2007a) throughout many different regions of the
    world (e.g. global economic crises  The gap between rich and poor
    has actually increased.)

    Heterogeneity  the commodification of local cultures and the


    existence of flexible specialization

    creation of unique “glocal” markets


    On Politics
    Homogeneity  growth of a more-or-less single model of governance
    around the world (Meyer, Boli, and Ramirez, 1997)

    McWorld (Barber, 1995): single global political orientation

    Heterogeneity  intensification of nationalism


    Jihad: localized, ethnic, and reactionary political forces (including
    “rogue states”) that involve an and that lead to greater political
    heterogeneity throughout the world.
    CULTURAL THEORY
    Three Major Paradigms in Theorizing the Cultural
    Aspects of Globalization (Pieterse, 2004)
    Cultural Differentialism

    Cultural Convergence

    Cultural Hybridization
    CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
    there are lasting differences among cultures that are largely unaffected
    by globalization

    possibility of dangerous and potentially catastrophic collisions among


    and between world cultures

    *9/11 Attack and Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq


    S. Huntington’s Clash of Civilization and the
    Remaking of World Order (1996)
    the reconfiguring of the world based on cultural differences

    • Civilization: broadest level of these cultures and cultural identities


    (indeed, to Huntington civilization is culture “writ large”)

    differing greatly on basic philosophical assumptions, underlying values,


    social relations, customs, and overall outlooks on life
    CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

    cultures of the world are growing increasingly similar, at least to some


    degree and in some ways

    • “cultural imperialism,” global capitalism, Westernization,


    Americanization, “McDonaldization,” and “world culture”
    G. Ritzer’s McDonaldization Thesis (2006)
    McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food
    restaurant are coming to dominate more and more the rest of the world.

    Five Basic Dimensions:


    efficiency
    calculability
    predictability
    control through the substitution of technology for people
    irrationality of rationality
    CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
    mixing of cultures
    Global + Local = Glocal, a hybrid

    Glocalization: the interpenetration of the global and the local resulting


    in unique outcomes in different geographic areas.

    Hybridization: increasing diversity associated with the unique mixtures


    of the global and the local
    Cultural Hybrid
    combination of two or more elements from different cultures or parts
    of the world

    *Ugandan tourists visiting Amsterdam to watch two Moroccan


    women engage in Thai boxing

    *Chinese tacos

    *Filipino spaghetti
    Process Questions
    • Are societies in the world becoming more similar
    (heterogeneous) or more different (heterogeneous)

    • What do you think are the advantages and


    disadvantages of homogenization? How about
    heteroginization?
    Activity: What do Writers Think about
    Globalization?
    • Look for and read three newspaper opinion editorials (op-eds) discussing
    globalization.

    • You may use local or international op-eds.

    • Write a 50-word summary for each.

    • Identify whether they subscribe to a particular definition discussed in class.

    • Identify whether they are broad and inclusive or narrow and inclusive
    THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
    ECONOMIC THEORY
    Sklair’s Neo-Marxian Theory of Economic Globalization (2002)

    Two Systems of Globalization: Capitalist and Socialist

    Transnational practices cutting across boundaries:


    transnational corporations
    transnational capitalists
    culture-ideology of consumerism
    adding an interest in consumption to the traditional
    concern with production
    POLITICAL THEORY
    Complex Interdependence and International
    Political Economy
    nation-state as threatened by various global processes, especially
    global economic flows (Ohmae, 1996; Strange, 1996)

    Whereas nation-states once controlled markets,


    now markets often control nation-states.
    Challenges to the Autonomy of Nation-State
    flows of information, illegal immigrants, new social movements, terrorists,
    criminals, drugs, money (including laundered money and other financial
    instruments), sex-trafficking

    growing power of global and transnational organizations (for example, the


    EU)

    growth of global problems (AIDs, TB)

    end of the cold war and dissolution of former USSR


    The nation-state
    has become increasingly porous.

    No nation-state has ever been able to


    control its borders completely
    (Bauman, 1992).
    A counter-argument…
    the role of the state not only enduring but increasing in the world
    today (Beland, 2008)

    four major sources of collective insecurity:


    1. Terrorism
    2. Economic globalization leading to problems such as outsourcing
    and pressures toward downsizing
    3. Threats to national identity due to immigration
    4. The spread of global diseases such as AIDs.
    Globalization is happening.

    Modern technology and Increased Flow

    Positive and negative consequences

    To stop or not to stop?

    Keep our pace by understanding


    The contemporary world.
    References
    Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological Theory. 8th Ed.

    Ritzer, G. (2011). Globalization: The essentials. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

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