Cement and Concrete: Hera - Mae Granada Anora

CEMENT AND CONCRETE
hera – mae granada anora

CEMENT
 cement is a binder, a substance which sets and
hardens independently, and canabind other
materials together. The word "cement" traces to
the Romans , who used the term "opus
caementicium" to describe masonry which
resembled concrete and was made from crushed
rock with burnt lime as binder.
CEMENT
 Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance. It is made from a
mixture of elements that are found in natural materials such as
limestone, clay, sand and/or shale. When cement is mixed with water,
it can bind sand and gravel into a hard, solid mass called concrete.
 Four essential elements are needed to make cement. They are Calcium,
Silicon, Aluminum and Iron. Calcium (which is the main ingredient)
can be obtained from limestone, whereas silicon can be obtained from
sand and/or clay. Aluminum and iron can be extracted from bauxite
and iron ore, and only small amounts are needed.
CEMENT
 Cement is usually gray. White cement can also be found but it is usually
more expensive than gray cement.
Cement mixed with water, sand and gravel, forms concrete.
Cement mixed with water and sand, forms cement plaster.
Cement mixed with water, lime and sand, forms mortar.
Cement powder is very, very fine. One kilo (2.2 lbs) contains over 300
billion grains, although we haven't actually counted them to see if that is
completely accurate! The powder is so fine it will pass through a sieve
capable of holding water.
Tip: Cement should be stored in a dry area. If it gets wet or damp the
powder will turn into a hard lump.
CEMENT
 SIMPLE STEPS IN MAKING CEMENT:
 1.) Limestone is taken from a quarry. It is the

major ingredient needed for making cement.
Smaller quantities of sand and clay are also
needed. Limestone, sand and clay contain the
four essential elements required to make
cement. The four essential elements are
calcium, silicon, aluminum and iron.
 2.) Boulder-size limestone rocks are

transported from the quarry to the cement
plant and fed into a crusher which crushes the
boulders into marble-size pieces.
CEMENT
 3.) The limestone pieces then go
through a blender where they are
added to the other raw materials in
the right proportion.
 4.) The raw materials are ground to

a powder. This is sometimes done
with rollers that crush the materials
against a rotating platform.
CEMENT
 5.) Everything then goes into a huge, extremely hot,
rotating furnace to undergo a process called "sintering".
Sintering means: to cause to become a coherent mass by
heating without melting. In other words, the raw
materials become sort of partially molten. The raw
materials reach about 2700° F (1480°C) inside the
furnace. This causes chemical and physical changes to
the raw materials and they come out of the furnace as
large, glassy, red-hot cinders called "clinker".

6.) The clinker is cooled and ground into a fine gray
powder. A small amount of gypsum is also added during
the final grinding. It is now the finished product -
Portland cement.
The cement is then stored in silos (large holding tanks)
where it awaits distribution.
The cement is usually shipped in bulk in purpose-made
trucks, by rail or even by barge or ship.
CONCRETE
 Concrete is a construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland
cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag,
cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone,
or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand),water, and chemical admixtures.
The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning compact or
condensed), the past participle of "concresco", from "com-" (together) and
"cresco" (to grow).
 Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to
a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which
bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material.
Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe, architectural
structures, foundations, motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses, parking structures,
brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles.
CONCRETE
 Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, sand, and
gravel. By volume, 10 to 15% of concrete is cement. As
concrete hardens, the mixture becomes stronger. The
hardening process can take years. Concrete has the ability
to withstand the pressure of heavy loads because it has
high compression strength. It can also be molded into any
shape, can be made porous or watertight, and is a relatively
cheap material for use in construction projects.
CONCRETE
 Types of Concrete
 There are different types of concrete. One of the most popular concrete
used is Portland cement, mineral aggregates and water. Concrete often
solidifies as the cement hydrates and glues all the other components
together. It has a high compressive strength and general uses of concrete
include pavements, fences, gates, walls and more. In old times, concrete
was often referred to as liquid stone. Sometimes external stabilizers are
included to concrete to give it desired characteristics. Some of the major
concrete types include,
CONCRETE
 Self-compacting concretes
 The Self-compacting concretes use superplasticizers that accounts for the excessive
fluidity of the concrete. It acts like a sticky self-levelling fluid that is combined using
vibration.
 Pump
 Pump concrete consist of more quantity of sand than normal concrete. It is specifically
made smooth to allow easy pumping from roadside to the construction site. Due to the
increased quantity of water to make the concrete wet, it also requires more cement to
attain the appropriate strength.
 Sprayed concrete
 Sprayed concrete or Shotcrete makes use of compressed air to cast it to a structure. There
are two different kind of sprayed concrete the dry-mix and the wet-mix concrete. Dry
mixed concrete is a dry mixture of cement and aggregates that are shot using compressed
air through hoses. The water required for hydration is added at the nozzle. The wet
mixture is appropriately hydrated and pumped through hoses. Sprayed concrete is usually
reinforced using fiber.
CONCRETE
 Normal concrete
 It is the most common concreting applications. The slump is + 15mm.
 Tremmie concrete
 This concrete is used for casting columns and loads or any areas where
concrete has to flow into position.
 Special concrete
 Special class might be any concrete specifically required by customers like
pre-stressed concrete and light weight concrete.
 Chipping
 Chipping concrete is made by passing the mixture between very small spaces,
small size stones.
CONCRETE
 Mortar
 No fines concrete as the name suggests is a concrete with no sand in its mixture. It
is a porous mass also known as a washed-out concrete. It uses water so that
minimum paste remains stay at the bottom during placing.
 Reinforced concrete
 Concrete mould wrapped in a mesh of iron rods is called reinforced cement
concrete or RCC. Concrete with reinforced steel acquires the capacity to carry
enormous loads. It is the most versatile material with a wide range of applications
in construction.
 Different types of concrete are produced depending upon the end application. The
modern types of concrete includes cellular or aerated concrete which is light
weight and durable, making it easy to be handled. Aerated concrete is widely used
for modern construction as it is mortarless and can be produced with different
densities.
CONCRETE
 Applications of Concrete
 Concrete has been used for construction since ancient
times. Modern day concrete application include dams,
bridges, swimming pools, homes, streets, patios,
basements, balustrades, plain cement tiles, mosaic tiles,
pavement blocks, kerbs, lamp-posts, drain covers, benches
and so on.
CONCRETE
 Other Applications
 Beams, drain tiles, piers, steps
 Post, Beam and Deck
 Pilasters and round column forms
 Brickledge application
 Hardscape < Pavers
 High Performance Admixtures
 Masonry
 Soil solidification
 Stucco < Tilt-up
 Insulating Concrete Form
 Motorways/roads, overpasses and parking structures
 Brick/block walls and bases for gates, fences and poles
 Building structure, fences and poles
CEMENT AND CONCRETE
 The type of cement used in almost all concrete is Portland cement. Portland
cement has been around since 1824. The name Portland does not refer to a
brand name, as many might think. The original inventor, Joseph Aspdin, was
a British bricklayer and named his new invention “Portland” because its color
reminded him of the color of the natural limestone on the Isle of Portland
which is a peninsula in the English Channel.
 Although Portland cement is the main cement used in concrete, there are other
types of cement. The three types that are often mentioned are Portland,
blended, and hydraulic. All Portland and blended cements are actually
hydraulic cement. What is hydraulic cement.Hydraulic cement is actually the
generic term in the construction industry. It refers to any cement that will set
and harden after it is combined with water. Most modern construction
cements are hydraulic.
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What are the main ingredients needed to make cement?

What is the process of making cement?

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

hera – mae granada anora

 1.) Limestone is taken from a quarry. It is the

 2.) Boulder-size limestone rocks are

 4.) The raw materials are ground to

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