拿破仑

Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Napoleon Crossing the Alps is the title given to the five versions of an oil on canvas equestrian portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte painted
by the French artist Jacques-Louis David between 1801 and 1805. Initially commissioned by the King of Spain, the composition shows a
strongly idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May
1800.
Having taken power in France during the 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799, Napoleon was determined to return to Italy to reinforce
the French troops in the country and retake the territory seized by the Austrians in the preceding years. In the spring of 1800 he led the
Reserve Army across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass. The Austrian forces, under Michael von Melas, were laying siege to
Masséna in Genoa and Napoleon hoped to gain the element of surprise by taking the trans-Alpine route. By the time Napoleon's troops
arrived, Genoa had fallen; but he pushed ahead, hoping to engage the Austrians before they could regroup. The Reserve Army fought a
battle at Montebello on 9 June before eventually securing a decisive victory at the Battle of Marengo. The installation of Napoleon as
First Consul and the French victory in Italy allowed for a rapprochement with Charles IV of Spain. While talks were underway to re-
establish diplomatic relations, a traditional exchange of gifts took place. Charles received Versailles-manufactured pistols, dresses from
the best Parisian dressmakers, jewels for the queen, and a fine set of armour for the newly reappointed Prime Minister, Manuel Godoy.
In return Napoleon was offered sixteen Spanish horses from the royal stables, portraits of the king and queen by Goya, and the portrait
that was to be commissioned from David. The French ambassador to Spain, Charles-Jean-Marie Alquier, requested the original painting
from David on Charles' behalf. The portrait was to hang in the Royal Palace of Madrid as a token of the new relationship between the
two countries. David, who had been an ardent supporter of the Revolution but had transferred his fervour to the new Consulate, was
eager to undertake the commission. On learning of the request, Bonaparte instructed David to produce three further versions: one for
the Château de Saint-Cloud, one for the library of Les Invalides, and a third for the palace of the Cisalpine Republic in Milan.
《跨越阿尔卑斯山圣伯纳隘道的拿破仑》
1801年至1805年，法国艺术家雅克·路易斯·大卫在画布上画了一幅拿破仑·波拿巴的肖像画。这幅作品最初是由西班
牙国王制作的，这幅作品展示了拿破仑和他的军队在1800年5月通过圣伯纳德山口穿越阿尔卑斯山脉时的真实经历。
拿破仑于1799年11月9日在法国执政期间，决定返回意大利，增援法国军队，夺回在前几年被奥地利占领的领土。
1800年春，他带领预备队穿过阿尔卑斯山穿过圣伯纳德山口。在迈克尔·冯·梅拉斯的领导下，奥地利军队包围了热那
亚的马塞纳，拿破仑希望通过穿越阿尔卑斯山的路线来获得惊喜。当拿破仑的军队到达时，热那亚已经沦陷了;但他
继续前进，希望在他们重组之前与奥地利交战。6月9日，预备队在蒙特贝洛战役，最终在马伦戈战役中取得决定性
胜利。拿破仑就任法国第一执政官，法国在意大利的胜利使他与西班牙的查理四世建立了友好关系。在重新建立外
交关系的过程中，双方举行了传统的交换礼物的活动。查尔斯收到了凡尔赛(versailles)制造的手枪、巴黎最好的裁缝
师的衣服、女王的珠宝，以及新任命的总理曼纽尔·戈多(Manuel Godoy)的一套精美的盔甲。作为回报，拿破仑从皇
家马厩中得到了16匹西班牙马，戈雅的国王和王后的肖像，以及从大卫那里得到的肖像。法国驻西班牙大使查尔斯-
让-马里·阿尔基耶代表查尔斯向大卫索要原画。这幅画像悬挂在马德里皇家宫殿里，象征着两国之间的新关系。大卫
是革命的热心支持者，但他把热情转移到了新领事馆，他渴望承担这个委员会的责任。在得知这一请求后，波拿巴
指示大卫再出三个版本:一个是圣克劳德城堡，一个是Les Invalides图书馆，另一个是米兰的Cisalpine共和国宫殿。第
五版是大卫制作的，他一直在他的工作室里，直到他去世。

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Napoleon Crossing the Alps

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