Chapter 17 Section 5
Chapter 17 Section 5
Chapter 17 Section 5
1714-1815
Section 5 The Napoleonic Era
After the radical Reign of Terror, France longed for a more stable form of
government. The French turned to the young, victorious general, Napoleon
Bonaparte to lead them. Within only a few short years, Napoleon had
declared France an empire with himself as emperor and had completely
reformed French government and society. He used his military genius to
expand the French Empire across Western Europe. Although the reforms of
the Revolution were carried by Napoleon throughout the continent, he failed
to unify Europe politically.
The Napoleonic Empire
A man of overwhelming ambition and domineering personality, Napoleon
Bonaparte was one of the greatest military leaders of all time. Born in
1769i[clxxxiii] on the French island of Corsica,ii[clxxxiv] Bonaparte trained
at military schools in France, but it was the French Revolution that gave him
the opportunity to rise in rank. Bonapartes genius lay in his ability to move
troops rapidly and to mass forces at critical points on the battlefield. These
techniques gave him a decided advantage over his opponents' older, slower
tactics.
Bonaparte had gained experience and fame in the war with Austria. By
1797iii[clxxxv] he had begun to expand France by seizing northern Italy from
the Austrians. The next year, he launched an expedition to Egypt, hoping to
establish a French colony and to disrupt Britain's trade route to India.
However, Horatio Nelson,iv[clxxxvi] the British naval leader, cut off the
French general and his troops in Egypt. After a year of fierce fighting
Bonaparte finally left his army stranded and returned to France.
He found the country in a state of crisis. Britain, Austria, and Russia had
formed a Second Coalition against the French republic. Internal discontent
was also reaching a breaking point. As the Directory fell in 1799, Bonaparte
restored orderthen took control of the government himself.v[clxxxvii]
Reviving old Roman republican titles, he established the Consulate, with
himself as First Consul.
By 1804vi[clxxxviii] the First Consuls ambition had grown even more. After
conducting a public referendum in which the French people voted to
declare France an empire, Bonaparte assumed the title of Emperor as
Napoleon I. He was crowned in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.
Napoleon even summoned the pope to preside over the coronation though
at the last moment, in a symbolic gesture that shocked both the onlookers
and the rest of Europe, he abruptly took the crown from the popes hands and
placed it upon his own head.
Wherever the French army went, it put the Napoleonic Code into
effect, abolished feudalism and serfdom, and introduced its modern military
techniques. Without intending to, the French also helped awaken in the
people they conquered a spirit of nationalism, recognition that they shared a
common language, culture, and history. Feelings of nationalism appeared
among conquered peoples, especially among Germans. One German poet
wrote:
[cxcix]
Napoleon ruled Europe, but time worked on the side of his enemies. The
coalition re-formed and his opponents' armies grew stronger. The generals
who opposed him in the field copied his methods of moving and massing
troops rapidly.
Napoleon's Downfall
In 1812xviii[cc] Russia began making plans for war against France. After
learning about this plan in the spring of 1812,xix[cci] Napoleon launched a
massive invasion of Russia. The campaign was doomed from the start.
Napoleon's army was immense, more than half a million men. The army was
drawn largely from his allies, however, and perhaps fewer than half the
troops were French. In addition, the long distances and shortages of food
weakened the army in Russia.
Defeat at Moscow. Napoleon believed that once he had captured Moscow,
the Russians would ask for peace. When his army arrived in the city,
however, Moscow was in flames. An observer noted, "Orders had been given
by the [Russian] governor of the city and the police that the whole city
should be burned during the night."xx[ccii]
meritocracy
Concordat
Continental System
nationalism
Charles-Maurice Talleyrand
Louis XVIII
the Duke of Wellington
Hundred Days
LOCATE and explain the importance of the following:
Trafalgar
Austerlitz
Leipzig
Elba
Waterloo
St. Helena
1.Main Idea How did Napoleon strengthen Francs power?
2. Main Idea How was Napoleon able to dominate Europe?
3. Geography: Place How did Russia's geography affect the outcome of
Napoleon's invasion?
4. Synthesizing How did Napoleon reform French society? Consider the
following in your answer: (a) the Napoleonic Code; (b) the Concordat;
(c) meritocracy; and (d) national identity.
Chapter 17 Review
REVIEWING TERMS
From the following list, choose the term that correctly matches the
definition.
philosophes
National Assembly
Navigation Acts
Declaration of Independence
Continental System
natural law
1. Napoleon's strategy to destroy Britain's commerce by controlling all trade
in ports on the European continent
2. group composed of delegates of the Third Estate and some delegates of
the First Estate who planned to write a constitution for France
3. thinkers in the Enlightenment
4. idea that a system of laws governs all aspects of the universe
5. document signed on July 4, 1776, declaring the British colonies of North
America free from British rule
REVIEWING CHRONOLOGY
List the following events in their correct chronological order.
1. Citizens of Paris storm the fortress of the Bastille.
2. The Seven Years' War breaks out.
3. The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the American War of Independence.
4. Angry colonists throw a shipment of British tea into Boston Harbor.
5. The forces of Napoleon are defeated at the battle of Waterloo.
UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN IDEA
1. How did Napoleon transform European society?
2. What was the Enlightenment?
3. Why can the Seven Years' War be called a "global war"?
4. What factors contributed to the British colonies of North America winning
their independence?
5. How did the Enlightenment influence the American Revolution and the
French Revolution?
6. What were the causes of the French Revolution?
THINKING CRITICALLY
1. Comparing and Contrasting How was the French Revolution similar to
the American Revolution? How were the outcomes of the two events
different? What accounted for the difference?
2. Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Why is the following statement only
partially correct? Napoleon's conquest of Europe liberated many subject
peoples from oppression.
Through Others' Eyes: A Syrian Response to the French Revolution
While much of Europe was in turmoil from the French Revolution, the
Ottoman Empire was mostly untroubled by the Christians' problems.xxxii
[ccxiv] As can be seen from historical accounts of the time, many Muslims
showed little concern or even interest in what occurred in France.xxxiii[ccxv]
A Syrian historian, Niqula el-Turk, wrote this brief account of the revolution
in his history of Egypt:
"We begin with the history of the appearance of the French Republic in the
world after they killed their king and this at the beginning of the year 1792
of the Christian era corresponding to the year 1207 of the Islamic hijra. In
this year the people of the kingdom of France rose up in their entirety against
the king and the princes and the nobles, demanding a new order and a fresh
dispensation, against the existing order which had been in the time of the
king. They claimed and confirmed that the exclusive power of the king had
caused great destruction in this kingdom, and that the princes and the nobles
were enjoying all the good things of this kingdom while the rest of its people
were in misery and abasement [degradation]. Because of this they all rose up
with one voice and said: 'We shall have no rest save by the abdication of the
king and the establishment of a Republic.' And there was a great day in the
city of Paris and the king and the rest of the people of his government,
princes and nobles, were afraid, and the people came to the king and
informed him of their purpose. . . . xxxiv[ccxvi]
xxxviii
[i]WH p. 400.
xxxix
[ii]WH p. 401.
xl
[iii]CHW p. 754.
xli
[iv]CHW p. 754.
xlii
[v]CHW p. 742
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[vi]CHW p. 742
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[vii](11)
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[xiv]Birn, 304.
lii
[xv](10)
liii
liv
[xvi]Birn, 304
[xvii](11)
lv
[xviii]Raymond Phineas Stearns. Pageant of Europe: Sources and Selections from the
Renaissance to the Present Day. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961):328.
lvi
[xix]Stanley Chodorow, et al. The Mainstream of Civilization, Sixth Edition (Fort Worth:
The Harcourt Press, 1994): 568.
lvii
[xx]Chodorow, 329.
lviii
[xxi](1)
lix
lx
[xxiii](1) p. 573.
lxi
[xxiv](11)
lxii
[xxv](11)
lxiii
lxiv
[xxvii]Birn, 293.
lxv
[xxviii]Birn, 293.
lxvi
lxviii
[xxxi](11)
lxix
[xxxii]Raymond Phineas Stearns, Pageant of Europe: Sources and Selections from the
Renaissance to the Present Day, Second Edition (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World,
1961): 280.
lxx
lxxi
[xxxiv](11)
lxxii
[xxxv](10)
lxxiii
[xxxvi]Koch, 110.
lxxiv
lxxv
[xxxvii](11)
[xxxviii]Birn, 296
lxxvi
[xxxix]WH p. 16.
lxxvii
[xl]Birn, 298
lxxviii
lxxix
lxxx
[xli]CHW p. 749.
[xlii]WH p. 961.
[xliii]WH p. 962.
lxxxi
[xliv](11)
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[xlv](10)
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[xlvii](11)
[xlviii](10)
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[xlix](10)
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[lii](11)
xc
[liii]Richard Middleton, The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the
Conduct of the Seven Years' War, 1757-1762 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1985): 18.
xci
xcii
[lv]Hill, 232.
xciii
xciv
[lvi]WH p. 821.
[lvii](10)
xcv
[lviii]Birn, 332.
xcvi
[lix]WH p. 821.
xcvii
[lx]Birn, 335.
xcviii
xcix
[lxi]Birn, 333.
[lxii]Birn, 333.
[lxiii](11)
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[lxiv](11)
cii
[lxv]Voltaire, Candide, Zadig and Selected Stories. trans. Donald M. Frame. (New York:
New American Library, 1981): 78.
ciii
[lxvii]CHW p. 681.
cv
[lxviii]CHW p. 690.
cvi
[lxix]Hampson, 42.
cvii
[lxx]Stearns, 200.
cviii
[lxxi](11)
cix
[lxxii]Birn 239. The number is only "the hundred-plus contributors" in Sara Ellen
Procious Malueg, "Women and the Encyclopdie" in Samia I. Spencer, ed. French Women
and the Age of Enlightenment (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984): 261.
cx
[lxxiii](11)
cxi
[lxxiv](11)
cxii
[lxxv]Fox-Genovese, 260.
cxiii
cxiv
[lxxvii](11)
cxv
[lxxviii]Owen Chadwick, "The Italian Enlightenment" in Roy Porter and Mikuls Teich,
eds., The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1981): 97.
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[lxxxvii]Hampson, 49.
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[lxxxviii]Birn, 260.
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[xciv]Wollstonecraft, 8.
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[xcv]Wollstonecraft, 10.
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[c]Wollstonecraft, 17.
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[cx]WH p. 933.
cxlviii
[cxii]"Catherine the Great and the Enlightenment" in Raymond Phineas Stearns, Pageant
of Europe: Sources and Selections from the Renaissance to the Present Day (New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961): 313.
cl
[cxiii]Birn, 319.
cli
[cxiv]Birn, 315.
clii
[cxv]Frederick the Great, "Essay on Forms of Government and the Duties of Sovereigns"
in Raymond Phineas Stearns, Pageant of Europe: Sources and Selections from the
Renaissance to the Present Day (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961): 289.
cliii
[cxvi]Birn, 314.
cliv
clv
[cxvii](11)
[cxviii]Birn, 321.
clvi
[cxix]Birn, 257.
clvii
Sources and Selections from the Renaissance to the Present Day (New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World, 1961): 293.
clviii
[cxxi]Birn, 322.
clix
clx
[cxxii]WH p. 1001.
[cxxiii](11)
clxi
[cxxv]WH p. 119.
clxiii
[cxxvi]WH p. 267.
clxiv
[cxxvii]WH p. 36.
clxv
[cxxviii](1) p. 560.
clxvi
[cxxix](11)
clxvii
clxix
clxx
[cxxxi](1) p. 560.
[cxxxii](11)
[cxxxiii]Todd/Curti, 119.
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[cxxxv](11)
clxxiii
clxxiv
clxxv
[cxxxvi]Hibbert, 335.
[cxxxvii]Hibbert, 335.
clxxvi
[cxxxix](10)
clxxvii
[cxl]WH p. 36.
clxxviii
clxxix
clxxx
[cxli]WH p. 37.
[cxlii]WH p. 37.
[cxliii]WH p. 60.
clxxxi
[cxliv]WH p. 60.
clxxxii
[cxlv]WH p. 265.
clxxxiii
clxxxiv
[cxlvi]Middlekauff, 622 (May 14, 1787) and 648 (Sept 17, 1787).
[cxlvii]WH p. 265.
clxxxv
[cxlviii]WH p. 265.
clxxxvi
[cxlix]WH p. 400.
clxxxvii
[cl]WH p. 400.
clxxxviii
clxxxix
[clii]CHW p. 763.
cxc
[cliii](11)
cxci
[cliv](11)
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[clv]CHW p. 763.
cxciii
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[clvi]WH p. 400.
[clvii](11)
cxcv
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[clix](11)
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[clx]WH p. 400.
cxcviii
[clxi]WH p. 400.
cxcix
cc
[clxiii]Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1989): 498.
cci
[clxiv]Schama, 498.
ccii
[clxv]Schama, 498.
cciii
cciv
[clxvi]WH p. 400.
[clxvii](11)
ccv
[clxviii](11)
ccvi
[clxix](11)
ccvii
[clxx]WH p. 401.
ccviii
ccix
[clxxi]CHW p. 768.
[clxxii]WH p. 401.
ccx
[clxxiii]WH p. 401.
ccxi
[clxxv](10)
ccxiii
[clxxvii]It would be a good idea to have a reading selection in the support materials on
the Reign of Terror.
ccxv
[clxxviii](11)
ccxvi
[clxxix](11)
ccxvii
[clxxx]WH p. 402.
ccxviii
[clxxxi]WH p. 402.
ccxix
i[clxxxiii](11)
ii[clxxxiv](10)
iii[clxxxv](1) p. 635.
iv[clxxxvi](11)
v[clxxxvii]CHW p. 764.
vi[clxxxviii]WH p. 752.
vii[clxxxix]WH p. 751.
viii[cxc](10)
ix[cxci]WH p. 752.
x[cxcii]WH p. 752.
xi[cxciii](10)
xii[cxciv]WH p. 752.
xiii[cxcv]Napoleon, "Berlin Decree" in Raymond Phineas Stearns, Pageant of Europe: Sources and
Selections from the Renaissance to the Present Day (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961): 431.
xiv[cxcvi]WH p. 752.
xv[cxcvii](10)
xvi[cxcviii]Times Atlas of World History, p. 205.
xvii[cxcix]Ernst Moritz Arndt, "What is the German's Fatherland?" in Raymond Phineas Stearns,
Pageant of Europe: Sources and Selections from the Renaissance to the Present Day (New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961): 440.
xviii[cc](1) p. 645.
xix[cci]WH p. 753.
xx[ccii]General de Caulaincourt, "Memoirs" in Raymond Phineas Stearns, Pageant of Europe: Sources
and Selections from the Renaissance to the Present Day (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961):
437.
xxi[cciii]Pageant of Europe, pp. 437--38.
xxii[cciv](10)
xxiii[ccv]WH p. 753.
xxiv[ccvi]WH p. 753.
xxv[ccvii](10)
xxvi[ccviii](11)
xxvii[ccix](11)
xxviii[ccx]WH p. 753.
xxix[ccxi](10)
xxx[ccxii](10)
xxxi[ccxiii]WH p. 751.
xxxii[ccxiv]Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1982), 53.
xxxiii[ccxv]Ibid., 54.
xxxiv[ccxvi]Ibid.
xxxv[ccxvii] Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol 90, p. 102.
xxxvi[ccxviii] Ibid.
xxxvii[ccxix] Grimm's Fairy Tales, pp. 652--654.
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