PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF A

SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-

DIESEL EXTRACTED FROM WASTE COOKING OIL
BLENDED WITH DIESEL

PRESENTED BY:-
DWAIPAYAN ROY CHOUDHURY-0810215
SRIJON CHATTERJEE-0810253
TANMOY DAS-0810256
TAPAJYOTI DEB-0810257
N.I.T AGARTALA,MECH. ENGG
7TH SEMESTER
 INCREASING WORLD POPULATION

INCREASE IN ENERGY DEMAND FOR SUSTAINING

GROWTH

INCREASING MOBILITY

DWINDLING IN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES

GROWING CONCERNS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND

CLIMATE CHANGE

VOLATILITY IN INTERNATIONAL CRUDE OIL PRICES

 IT IS QUITE EVIDENT
THAT ENERGY
CONSUMPTION FOR
ELECTRIC POWER AND
TRANSPORT SECTOR
WILL GROW VERY
RAPIDLY AND SHARPLY
IN THE NEAR FUTURE
ALONG WITH THE
STEEP RISE IN
POPULATION AND WAY
OF LIVING LAVISH LIFE.
 In 2006, about 85% of the world population lived in countries that fell below
US$15,000 (2000$ PPP) GDP per capita, where most of the countries presented
in the figure are concentrated. As these countries continue to develop (moving
further to the right), we must ask, what is the most likely trajectory they would
follow without significant intervention?
It is quite clearly noticeable that the emission reduction is quite high
among Biomass products as compared to the Fossil fuel products.
Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are affected by the total amount
of greenhouse gases emitted to and removed from the atmosphere around the world
over time.
Future availability of
oil discoveries along
with production
have dwindled and
drastically reduced
leading to the need
of finding in an
optimum solution to
cater to our future
requirement of oil in
other ways and
forms.
1. Using vegetable oil in place of Diesel fuel reduces green house gases
since the emissions from the combustion of diesel fuel are a major
source of atmospheric pollutants including toxic gases such as CO2,
CO,NO,SO2 and other volatile organic components.
2. Using vegetable oil in place of Diesel also promotes energy
independence which is critical in our current economic crisis.
3. It can stimulate the economy by saving our money and keeping
more revenue in our community. This is because vegetable oil is an
abundant resource that can be obtained for free and requires
minimal processing.
4. The longevity of a vehicle increases which enhances the life of the
vehicle. Combustion of fossil fuels in the motor engine has a huge
impact on the vehicle and on using an electric or hydrogen
powered vehicles the life-span increases.
 Bio-fuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from
biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from
biomass. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil and animal
fats. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its
pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive
to reduce levels of particulates.

Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using

transesterification and is the most common
biofuel in Europe.

In 2010 worldwide ,biofuel production reached

105 billion litres, up 17% from 2009 ,and
bio-fuels provided 2.7% of the world’s fuel for
road transport.
.
The various types of biofuels include Bioalcohols,
Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Bioethers and Biogas.
 Ethanol fuel is the most common Bio-alcohol worldwide.
Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars
derived from wheat, corn, sugarcane, and molasses.

The ethanol production methods used are enzyme

Digestion(to release sugars from stored starches),
fermentation of the sugars, distillation and drying.

Most existing car petrol engines can run on blends of

upto 15% Bio-ethanol with petroleum or gasoline. Ethanol has a smaller energy density
than does gasoline; this fact means that it takes more fuel to produce the same amount
of work. An advantage of ethanol is that it has a higher octane rating than ethanol-free
gasoline which allows an increase of compression ratio for increased thermal efficiency.
 Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the
biological breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead
plant and animal material, animal dung, and
kitchen waste can be converted into
a gaseous fuel called biogas. Biogas originates
from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.

Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by

anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials or by the use of
energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas yields. The solid byproduct,
digestate, can be used as a bio-fuel or a fertilizer.

Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small
amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes.
 Syn-gas is the name given to a gas mixture that contains
varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Examples of production methods include steam reforming
of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbon to produce hydrogen,
the gasification of coal, biomass and in some types of
waste-to-energy gasification facilities.

The name comes from their use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG)
and for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing
synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via the Fischer-Tropsch process.
It is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is a liquid similar in composition to
fossil/mineral diesel. Chemically, it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl (or ethyl) esters (FAMEs).
Biodiesel is also an oxygenated fuel, meaning that it contains a reduced amount of carbon and
higher hydrogen and oxygen content than fossil diesel. This improves the combustion of
biodiesel and reduces the particulate emissions from un-burnt carbon.
Few of the properties includes:

1. Viscosity is an oil’s resistance to flow. Viscosity depends on temperature and decreases

as the temperature increases.
2. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be heated so that the vapour
gives off flashes momentarily when an open flame is passed over it.
3. Pour point is the lowest temperature at which it will pour or flow when cooled under
prescribed conditions.
4. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of oil to the weight of the
same volume of water at a given temperature. The density of fuel, relative to water, is
called specific gravity.
5. Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fuel to the volume of the fuel at a
reference temperature of 15C.
6. Specific Heat is the amount of Kcals needed to raise the temperature of 1Kg of oil by 1C.
It varies from 0.22 to 0.28 depending on the oil specific gravity.
7. Calorific Value is the measurement of heat or energy produced, and is measured either
as gross specific value or net calorific value.
8. Carbon Residue indicates the tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid residue on a
hot surface, such as a burner or injection nozzle, when its vaporizable constituents
evaporate.
1.Cleaner Emissions – The use of biodiesel lessens greenhouse emissions because carbon
dioxide that is released from the combustion of biodiesel is neutralized by the carbon
dioxide utilized while growing the feedstock.
2.Non-hazardous – In terms of toxicity, biodiesel is the best alternative that has proven to be
safe and not harmful to the environment. Various tests verified that biodiesel is
biodegradable and nontoxic that poses no threat to human wealth.
3.Simple – The automobile need not any complex modification or conversion. The bio-diesel
can be readily blended with conventional petroleum diesel in our fuel tank at any point
in time.
4.Renewable – Biodiesel is derived from 85% vegetable or animal oils/fats which are
renewable sources.
5.Sustainable – Aside from it biodegradability, biodiesel is also renewable in contrast to
scarce fossil fuel use which is formed from the remnants of animals and plants that have
died in the earth millions of years ago.
6.Nonflammable – In contrast to gasoline which ignites immediately at any lower
temperature, biodiesel will only ignite at a very high temperature.
7.Available – Currently in the United States, there are roughly 600 fleets that use biodiesel
blends in their diesel engines. Moreover, various blends of biodiesel at approximately
800 areas are available nationwide.
The centrepiece of India’s plans for biodiesel development and
commercialization is the National Biodiesel Mission, formulated
by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. The
implementation of the project consists of two phases.

In Phase I a demonstration project was carried out between

2003-2007. The project involved the development of Jatropha
oilseed nurseries, the cultivation of 400,000 hectares
with Jatropha, the setting up of seed collection and Jatropha oil
expression centers, and the installation of a 80,000 Mt/year
transesterification to produce biodiesel from Jatropha oil.

Phase II will consist of a self sustaining expansion of the

programme leading to the production of biodiesel to meet
20 per cent of the country’s diesel requirements by 2011-12.
No net CO2 or greenhouse gas production
Plants use sunlight and photosynthesis to take CO2 out
of the Earth's atmosphere to make vegetable oil. The
same CO2 is then put back after it is burned in an
engine. Thus vegetable oil does not increase the CO2 in
the atmosphere, and does not contribute to the
problem of greenhouse gas.
Safety
Vegetable oil is far less toxic than other fuels such as
gasoline, petroleum based diesel, ethanol, or methanol
and has a much higher flash point. The higher flash
point reduces the risk of accidental ignition.
Transportation
For transportation the energy density and cost to store
the energy are important. If the density is low or the
cost is too high it is not practical to make vehicles with
reasonable range. Vegetable oil and biodiesel are close
to regular diesel.
1.Rural electrification from local resources: biomass pyrolysis oil combustion in a
direct injection diesel engine- AL Shihadeh,1999.

2.Synthesis of Biodiesel from edible, non-edible and waste cooking oils via
supercritical methyl acetate transesterification- P Campanelli,2010.

3.Exergy analysis of integrated waste management in the recovery and recycling of

used cooking oils- LT Peiro,2008.

4.Life cycle emissions and energy study of Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil
and diesel in Singapore- CBH Chua,2010.

5.Combustion, emission and engine performance characteristics of used cooking oil

biodiesel- CC Enweremadu,2010.

6.Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste

cooking oil/diesel fuel blends- A Md Isa.

7.Transesterification of waste cooking oil in presence of crashed seashell as a

support for solid Heterogeneous catalyst- A Adesina,2011.
Biodiesel production is the process of producing the bio-fuel through either
transesterification or alcoholysis. It involves reacting vegetable oils or animal fats
catalytically with short-chain aliphatic alcohols (typically methanol).
1.Care must be taken to monitor the amount of water and free fatty acids in
the incoming bio-lipid (oil or fat). If the free fatty acid level or water level is too high
it may cause problems with soap formation (saphonification) and the separation of
the glycerin by-product downstream.

2.Catalyst is dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator or mixer.

3.The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed reaction vessel and the
bio-lipid(vegetable or animal oil or fat) is added. The system from here on is totally
closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of alcohol.
The reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (around 70 °C)
to speed up the reaction though some systems recommend the reaction take place
anywhere from room temperature to 55 °C (131 °F) for safety reasons.
Recommended reaction time varies from 1 to 8 hours; under normal conditions the
reaction rate will double with every 10 °C increase in reaction temperature.

Continued……………..
4. The glycerin phase is much denser than biodiesel phase and the two can be gravity
separated with glycerin simply drawn off the bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases,
a centrifuge is used to separate the two materials faster.

5. Once the glycerin and biodiesel phases have been separated, the excess alcohol in each
phase is removed with a flash evaporation process or by distillation. In other systems, the
alcohol is removed and the mixture neutralized before the glycerin and esters have been
separated. In either case, the alcohol is recovered using distillation equipment and is re-used.
Care must be taken to ensure no water accumulates in the recovered alcohol stream.

6. The glycerin by-product contains unused catalyst and soaps that are neutralized with an acid
and sent to storage as crude glycerin (water and alcohol are removed later, chiefly using
evaporation, to produce 80-88% pure glycerin).

7. Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel is sometimes purified by washing gently
with warm water to remove residual catalyst or soaps, dried, and sent to storage.
Triglycerides (1) are reacted with an alcohol such as ethanol (2) to give ethyl esters of fatty
acids (3) and glycerol (4)
Normally, this reaction will precede either exceedingly slowly or not at all. Heat, as well as an
acid or base are used to help the reaction proceed more quickly. It is important to note that
the acid or base are not consumed by the transesterification reaction, thus they are not
reactants but catalysts.
Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base-catalyzed technique
as it is the most economical process for treating virgin vegetable oils, requiring only low
temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield (provided the starting
oil is low in moisture and free fatty acids).
Continued………………….
 However, biodiesel produced from other sources or by other methods may require acid
catalysis which is much slower. Since it is the predominant method for commercial-scale
production, only the base-catalyzed transesterification process will be described below.

An example of the transesterification reaction equation, shown in skeletal formulas:

During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst, usually a strong alkali (NaOH, KOH, or Alkoxides). The main reason for doing a titration to
produce biodiesel, is to find out how much alkaline is needed to completely neutralize any free
fatty acids present, thus ensuring a complete transesterification. Empirically 6.25 g / L NaOH
produces a very usable fuel. One uses about 6 g NaOH when the WVO is light in colour and about
7 g NaOH when it is dark in colour.
The setup consists of single cylinder, four stroke, VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) Diesel
engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. Setup is provided with
necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank-angle measurements.
The set up has stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test,
manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process
indicator and engine indicator. Rotameters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter
water flow measurement.
The setup enables study of VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power,
frictional power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency,
mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and heat
balance.
AVL make smoke meter (Model 437) will be used to measure opacity and smoke number in HSU
units which will be extrapolated from the readings. AVL 5 Gas Analyzer (Model Di gas 444) will
be used along with a Di-gas sampler to measure the amount of CO, CO2, O2, NOX.
 After the blend of Biodiesel and Diesel is prepared, our next phase of work will involve of
carrying out the study of VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power, frictional
power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical
efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and heat balance.