Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Tumour
Factor
Radiation
Carcinogenic compounds
Chemical compound
Cloning in Cloning in
animals plants
Cloning in animals
Somatic cells (from the udder cells) are
removed and grown in a low culture medium
An unfertillised egg cell is obtained
The nucleus is removed, leaving the cytoplasm
and organelles without any chromosomes
An electric pulse stimulates the fusion between
the somatic cell and the egg cell.
The fused cell divides repeatedly; forming an
embryo
The embryo is the implanted into a surrogate
mother.
The embryo grows normally into a cloned
Cloning in plants
Small pieces of root, shoot or stem tissue
(explants) are taken from the parent plant
The explants are sterilised and then placed in a
culture medium containing nutrients & growth
hormones
The explants divide by mitosis to form a callus,
an undifferentiated mass of tissue
The callus develops into a somatic embryo
The embryo develops into a plantlet which can
be transferred to the soil for growth into an adult
plant.
Advantages of cloning
Allows biotechnologist to multiply copies of
useful genes or clones
Clones can be produced in a shorter time
and in large number
Creates many transgenic crops which are
resistant to herbicides, pests and disease.
Cloning involves vegetative reproduction
which does not need pollinating agents.
Advantages of cloning
Cloned plants
Can produced flowers and fruits within a
shorter period
Produce better quality yields
Delay ripening of fruits for longer shelf life.
Disadvantages of cloning
Clones do not show any genetic variations
All clones have the same level of
resistance towards certain disease. They
are not resistant to new disease or pests.
New clones may undergo natural
mutations and disrupt the natural
equilibrium of an ecosystem
.cloned animals have a shorter lifespan
The long term side effects of using
genetically modified organisms are not yet
known.